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<!-- Sid Meier's Civilization 4 -->
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<Civ4GameText xmlns="http://www.firaxis.com">
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_SELJUK_DESC</Tag>
		<English>Seljuk Empire</English>
		<French>in French</French>
		<German>in German</German>
		<Italian>in Italian</Italian>
		<Spanish>in Spanish</Spanish>
	</TEXT>	
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_SELJUK_SHORT_DESC</Tag>
		<English>Seljuks</English>
		<French>in French</French>
		<German>in German</German>
		<Italian>in Italian</Italian>
		<Spanish>in Spanish</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_SELJUK_ADJECTIVE</Tag>
		<English>Seljuk</English>
		<French>in French</French>
		<German>in German</German>
		<Italian>in Italian</Italian>
		<Spanish>in Spanish</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_SELJUK_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[TAB]The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seluk, Seljuk Turks)  ruled a huge Persianized empire in the eleventh century, which was a practical successor to the northern part of the Arab empire, as it included Baghdad and all of Persia. At its largest extent, which lasted for only a brief time, it also included all of Palestine and Anatolia in the West, and a large part of Afghanistan in the East, and reached as far north as the Aral sea and Armenia. The Seljuks were originally a clan or clans of the Oguz or Oghuz Turkmen tribes that invaded the Central Asian Steppes about 1000 CE.  They converted to Islam, and, on conquering Persia, became Persianized in language and culture. The rapid Seljuk expansion alarmed Christian Europe, which became concerned for the fate of the Eastern Roman Empire ("Byzantium" with its capital at Constantinople).  It also attracted the attentions of all the rival Muslim emirates and dynasties on their borders, and particularly the Shi'a, whose faithful were a majority in the area of Iran.[PARAGRAPH:2]The Seljuks came to speak Persian and spread Persian culture throughout the Middle East.  and they used Farsi as their official language. As with many of the Muslim empires, divisions were fostered by unclear rules of succession and by splitting up the emirates among the sons of rulers. Nominally, all the associated realms were ruled by a Grand Sultan, but the connections were weak and the they were slow to aid each other in case of attack. The Seljuk empire contracted until it was left only with Eastern Anatolia, called the "The Seljuks of Rum." Rum is the Arab word for "Rome," meaning the Byzantine empire. This area was populated by Byzantine Christians, Armenians and Sunni and Shia Muslims. The Seljuks succeeded in providing a relatively stable and tolerant state.  The Seljuk empire was subjugated by the Mongols and eventually eliminated.[PARAGRAPH:2]About 1040 Togrul Beg, chief of the Seljuks and grandson of Seljuk, began to conquer large parts of the lands that comprises modern Iran and Iraq. By 1055, he had  conquered Baghdad from the Shia Buyids, and made himself protector of the caliph in Baghdad. Nominally, the Caliph was his superior, and bestowed the title of Sultan on him. Togrul's successor, Alp Arslan, expanded significantly upon Togrul's holdings by adding Armenia and Georgia in 1064 and invading the Byzantine Empire in 1068, from which he annexed almost all of Anatolia; Arslan's decisive victory at the Battle of Manzikert (in 1071) effectively neutralized the Byzantine threat, and, according to some historians, the Byzantines' defeat began their long decline. Alp Arslan authorized his Turcoman generals to carve their own principalities out of formerly Byzantine Anatolia, as atabegs loyal to him. Within two years the Turcomans had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous "beghliks" (modern Turkish beyliks): the Saltuklus in Northeastern Anatolia, Mengujeqs in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuks (Beghlik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia and the Beghlik of Caka Beg in Izmir (Smyrna).[PARAGRAPH:2]A crucial stage in Seljuk history and in the history of Muslim-Christian relations was marked by the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The Battle of Manzikert  was fought between the Byzantine Empire lead by Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes  and Seljuk forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert (Malazgirt). The power of the Byzantine empire had been waning. This battle demonstrated its weakness. The Emperor was captured and humiliated, but set free. The following year, Arslan died and the Turks proceeded to settle Anatolia, capturing Iconium (Konya) and making it the seat of their Rum sultanate. News of the Battle of Manzikert ignited the first Crusade. [PARAGRAPH:2]Toward the end of the Eleventh century and the beginning of the twelfth, the Seljuk state in Persia began disintegrating  into smaller states, ruled by relatives and descendants of the previous sultans. Western Persia (Hamadan) came to be ruled by a different line than southern Persia, Kerman, though for a time the Sultanate of Rum remained nominally under their sway. In 1097, the Seljuks were defeated by the Crusaders in Anatolia, losing Western Anatolia  to Christian rulers. In 1194, Togrul III, the last Iranian Seljuk sultan, fell  on the battlefield fighting Khwarazmshah, who annexed Western Persia. [PARAGRAPH:2]Around 1230 the Seljuks of Rum fought the Khorezmians and defeated them. However, they were invaded and subjugated by the Mongols in 1243. Seljuk rulers continued to rule as tributaries of the Mongols. Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II, the last Seljuk Sultan, was removed and reinstated in office several times by his Mongol overlords. He died or was removed from office for the last time about 1306 or 1307, ending the Seljuk line.[PARAGRAPH:2][PARAGRAPH:2]</English>
		<French>in French</French>
		<German>in German</German>
		<Italian>in Italian</Italian>
		<Spanish>in Spanish</Spanish>
	</TEXT>	
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_UNIT_SELJUK_GHULAM_WARRIOR</Tag>
		<English>Ghulam Warrior</English>
		<French>in French</French>
		<German>in German</German>
		<Italian>in Italian</Italian>
		<Spanish>in Spanish</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_UNIT_SELJUK_GHULAM_WARRIOR_STRATEGY</Tag>
		<English>Although a little more expensive, this Seljuk replacement for the [COLOR_UNIT_TEXT]Knight[COLOR_REVERT] unit has increased strength when attacking [COLOR_UNIT_TEXT]Macemen[COLOR_REVERT] or [COLOR_UNIT_TEXT]Pikemen[COLOR_REVERT] units.</English>
		<French>Cette puissante unit&#233; mont&#233;e est lente mais s'av&#232;re un adversaire redoutable pour les unit&#233;s telles que l'archer mont&#233;.</French>
		<German>Diese m&#228;chtige fr&#252;he berittene Kampfeinheit ist eine langsame aber effektive Waffe gegen Berittene Bogensch&#252;tzen und &#228;hnliche Einheiten.</German>
		<Italian>Questa potente unit&#224; montata iniziale &#232; lenta ma potente, ottima per contrastare le unit&#224; come gli arcieri a cavallo.</Italian>
		<Spanish>Esta poderosa unidad montada temprana es m&#225;s lenta que otras unidades como los Arqueros a caballo, pero los contrarresta mucho mejor.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_UNIT_SELJUK_GHULAM_WARRIOR_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[TAB]The Ghulam warriors were slave-soldiers in service of kings and generals throughout the Turkish and Persian Empires of the Medieval and Early Modern eras. Since the break-up of the Abbasid Caliphate, the Ghulam were grouped into whole armies. They were usually Turkic in origin and fought as cavalrymen. The Ghulam seem to have lived celibate lives. The absence of family life and offspring was one of the reasons why Ghulam, even when attaining power, generally failed to start dynasties or proclaim their independence. The only exception to this was the Ghaznavid dynasty of Afghanistan, which originated amongst the Ghulam of the Samanid dynasty.</English>
		<French>[TAB]L'utilisation des &#233;l&#233;phants pour la guerre a commenc&#233; en Inde et &#233;tait connue des Perses au IVe si&#232;cle av. J.-C. C'est gr&#226;ce &#224; ses &#233;l&#233;phants de guerre que Chandragupta parvint &#224; vaincre Seleucos, le successeur d'Alexandre le Grand, et &#224; fonder l'Empire maurya. M&#234;me si les &#233;l&#233;phants africains de Carthage ont peu d'exploits &#224; leur actif, leur pr&#233;sence dans l'arm&#233;e d'Hannibal lors de la travers&#233;e des Alpes en 218 av. J.-C. leur a valu une r&#233;putation d'arme redoutable. L'importance tactique des &#233;l&#233;phants repose beaucoup sur leur capacit&#233; &#224; attaquer l'infanterie comme la cavalerie, et &#224; inspirer la terreur. Bien que les arm&#233;es indiennes aient utilis&#233; l'&#233;l&#233;phant jusqu'au XXe si&#232;cle, son utilit&#233; dans la pratique de la guerre a pris fin avec l'invention de la poudre &#224; canon.</French>
		<German>[TAB]Der Kriegselefant wurde zuerst in Indien eingesetzt und war den Persern im 4. Jahrhundert vor Christus schon gel&#228;ufig. Mit Hilfe von Kriegselefanten gelang es dem indischen K&#246;nig Chandragupta, die Truppen von Seleukos, dem Nachfolger Alexanders des Gro&#223;en, zu besiegen und das Maurya-Reich zu begr&#252;nden. Auch wenn die afrikanischen Kriegselefanten der Karthager nur wenig ausrichten konnten, so machten sie ihrem Ruf als gef&#252;rchtetes Kriegsger&#228;t alle Ehre, als Hannibal seine Truppen mitsamt den Dickh&#228;utern &#252;ber die Alpen f&#252;hrte, um im Jahre 218 vor Christus in Rom einzufallen. Die taktische Bedeutung der Kriegselefanten resultiert zum gro&#223;en Teil aus ihrer Eigenschaft, sowohl Fu&#223;soldaten als auch die Kavallerie anzugreifen und in Panik zu versetzen. Das indische Milit&#228;r setzte sie zwar noch bis zum 20. Jahrhundert aktiv ein, letztlich erging es ihnen am Ende aber wie vielen anderen traditionellen "Waffen": Ihr milit&#228;rischer Nutzen endete mit dem verbreiteten Einsatz von Schie&#223;pulver.</German>
		<Italian>[TAB]L'elefante da guerra fu usato per la prima volta in India e fu conosciuto dai Persiani intorno al quarto secolo a. C. Grazie a queste unit&#224;, Candra Gupta sconfisse il successore di Alessandro, Seleuco, e fond&#242; l'Impero Maurya. Anche se gli elefanti da guerra africani di Cartagine non furono determinanti, la loro presenza nell'esercito di Annibale durante la sua traversata delle Alpi verso il cuore di Roma, nel 218 a. C., afferm&#242; la loro reputazione di arma temibile. Apparentemente, l'importanza tattica dell'elefante si basa in gran parte sulla sua predisposizione a caricare sia i fanti che la cavalleria, nonch&#233; sul panico che &#232; in grado di suscitare. Malgrado sia stato usato nelle truppe indiane fino al XX secolo, alla pari di molte armi tradizionali, la sua utilit&#224; in guerra &#232; cessata con la diffusione della polvere da sparo.</Italian>
		<Spanish>[TAB]Los elefantes de guerra fueron utilizados por primera vez en la India, y los persas ya lo conoc&#237;an hacia el siglo IV a. C. Utilizando elefantes de guerra, Chandragupta derrot&#243; a Seleuco, sucesor de Alejandro, y fund&#243; el imperio mauryan. Aunque estos animales no sirvieron de mucho a Cartago, su presencia en el ej&#233;rcito de An&#237;bal durante el cruce de los Alpes y la invasi&#243;n de Roma en el a&#241;o 218 a. C. bast&#243; para cimentar su reputaci&#243;n como armas terribles. La importancia t&#225;ctica de los elefantes derivaba aparentemente de su disposici&#243;n a cargar tanto contra la infanter&#237;a como contra la caballer&#237;a, y del p&#225;nico que esto inspiraba. Aunque sirvieron en el ej&#233;rcito indio hasta el siglo XX, su utilidad real, al igual que ocurri&#243; con muchas otras armas tradicionales, termin&#243; con la difusi&#243;n generalizada de la p&#243;lvora.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_SELJUK_NIZAM</Tag>
		<English>Nizamiyya</English>
		<French>in French</French>
		<German>in German</German>
		<Italian>in Italian</Italian>
		<Spanish>in Spanish</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_SELJUK_NIZAM_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[TAB]A Nizamiyya is one of the medieval institutions of higher education established by Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk in the eleventh century in present-day Iran. The name nizamiyyah derives from his name. Founded at the beginning of the Seljuk empire, they are considered to be the model of madrassas, or Islamic religious schools. Nizamiyyah institutes were the first well organized universities in the Muslim world. The quality of education was the highest in the Islamic world, and they were even renowned in Europe. They were supported financially, politically, and spiritually by the royal establishment and the elite class. The most famous and celebrated of all the nizamiyyah schools was Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad (established 1065), where Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk appointed the distinguished philosopher and theologian, al-Ghazali, as a professor. Persian poet Sa'di was a student of the Baghdad Nizamiyyah. Other nizamiyyah schools were located in Nishapur, Balkh, Herat and Isfahan.</English>
		<French>[TAB]L'utilisation des &#233;l&#233;phants pour la guerre a commenc&#233; en Inde et &#233;tait connue des Perses au IVe si&#232;cle av. J.-C. C'est gr&#226;ce &#224; ses &#233;l&#233;phants de guerre que Chandragupta parvint &#224; vaincre Seleucos, le successeur d'Alexandre le Grand, et &#224; fonder l'Empire maurya. M&#234;me si les &#233;l&#233;phants africains de Carthage ont peu d'exploits &#224; leur actif, leur pr&#233;sence dans l'arm&#233;e d'Hannibal lors de la travers&#233;e des Alpes en 218 av. J.-C. leur a valu une r&#233;putation d'arme redoutable. L'importance tactique des &#233;l&#233;phants repose beaucoup sur leur capacit&#233; &#224; attaquer l'infanterie comme la cavalerie, et &#224; inspirer la terreur. Bien que les arm&#233;es indiennes aient utilis&#233; l'&#233;l&#233;phant jusqu'au XXe si&#232;cle, son utilit&#233; dans la pratique de la guerre a pris fin avec l'invention de la poudre &#224; canon.</French>
		<German>[TAB]Der Kriegselefant wurde zuerst in Indien eingesetzt und war den Persern im 4. Jahrhundert vor Christus schon gel&#228;ufig. Mit Hilfe von Kriegselefanten gelang es dem indischen K&#246;nig Chandragupta, die Truppen von Seleukos, dem Nachfolger Alexanders des Gro&#223;en, zu besiegen und das Maurya-Reich zu begr&#252;nden. Auch wenn die afrikanischen Kriegselefanten der Karthager nur wenig ausrichten konnten, so machten sie ihrem Ruf als gef&#252;rchtetes Kriegsger&#228;t alle Ehre, als Hannibal seine Truppen mitsamt den Dickh&#228;utern &#252;ber die Alpen f&#252;hrte, um im Jahre 218 vor Christus in Rom einzufallen. Die taktische Bedeutung der Kriegselefanten resultiert zum gro&#223;en Teil aus ihrer Eigenschaft, sowohl Fu&#223;soldaten als auch die Kavallerie anzugreifen und in Panik zu versetzen. Das indische Milit&#228;r setzte sie zwar noch bis zum 20. Jahrhundert aktiv ein, letztlich erging es ihnen am Ende aber wie vielen anderen traditionellen "Waffen": Ihr milit&#228;rischer Nutzen endete mit dem verbreiteten Einsatz von Schie&#223;pulver.</German>
		<Italian>[TAB]L'elefante da guerra fu usato per la prima volta in India e fu conosciuto dai Persiani intorno al quarto secolo a. C. Grazie a queste unit&#224;, Candra Gupta sconfisse il successore di Alessandro, Seleuco, e fond&#242; l'Impero Maurya. Anche se gli elefanti da guerra africani di Cartagine non furono determinanti, la loro presenza nell'esercito di Annibale durante la sua traversata delle Alpi verso il cuore di Roma, nel 218 a. C., afferm&#242; la loro reputazione di arma temibile. Apparentemente, l'importanza tattica dell'elefante si basa in gran parte sulla sua predisposizione a caricare sia i fanti che la cavalleria, nonch&#233; sul panico che &#232; in grado di suscitare. Malgrado sia stato usato nelle truppe indiane fino al XX secolo, alla pari di molte armi tradizionali, la sua utilit&#224; in guerra &#232; cessata con la diffusione della polvere da sparo.</Italian>
		<Spanish>[TAB]Los elefantes de guerra fueron utilizados por primera vez en la India, y los persas ya lo conoc&#237;an hacia el siglo IV a. C. Utilizando elefantes de guerra, Chandragupta derrot&#243; a Seleuco, sucesor de Alejandro, y fund&#243; el imperio mauryan. Aunque estos animales no sirvieron de mucho a Cartago, su presencia en el ej&#233;rcito de An&#237;bal durante el cruce de los Alpes y la invasi&#243;n de Roma en el a&#241;o 218 a. C. bast&#243; para cimentar su reputaci&#243;n como armas terribles. La importancia t&#225;ctica de los elefantes derivaba aparentemente de su disposici&#243;n a cargar tanto contra la infanter&#237;a como contra la caballer&#237;a, y del p&#225;nico que esto inspiraba. Aunque sirvieron en el ej&#233;rcito indio hasta el siglo XX, su utilidad real, al igual que ocurri&#243; con muchas otras armas tradicionales, termin&#243; con la difusi&#243;n generalizada de la p&#243;lvora.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_SELJUK_NIZAM_STRATEGY</Tag>
		<English>[TAB]The Seljuk replacement for the [COLOR_BUILDING_TEXT]University[COLOR_REVERT] gives an extra 2 health.</English>
		<French>[TAB]L'utilisation des &#233;l&#233;phants pour la guerre a commenc&#233; en Inde et &#233;tait connue des Perses au IVe si&#232;cle av. J.-C. C'est gr&#226;ce &#224; ses &#233;l&#233;phants de guerre que Chandragupta parvint &#224; vaincre Seleucos, le successeur d'Alexandre le Grand, et &#224; fonder l'Empire maurya. M&#234;me si les &#233;l&#233;phants africains de Carthage ont peu d'exploits &#224; leur actif, leur pr&#233;sence dans l'arm&#233;e d'Hannibal lors de la travers&#233;e des Alpes en 218 av. J.-C. leur a valu une r&#233;putation d'arme redoutable. L'importance tactique des &#233;l&#233;phants repose beaucoup sur leur capacit&#233; &#224; attaquer l'infanterie comme la cavalerie, et &#224; inspirer la terreur. Bien que les arm&#233;es indiennes aient utilis&#233; l'&#233;l&#233;phant jusqu'au XXe si&#232;cle, son utilit&#233; dans la pratique de la guerre a pris fin avec l'invention de la poudre &#224; canon.</French>
		<German>[TAB]Der Kriegselefant wurde zuerst in Indien eingesetzt und war den Persern im 4. Jahrhundert vor Christus schon gel&#228;ufig. Mit Hilfe von Kriegselefanten gelang es dem indischen K&#246;nig Chandragupta, die Truppen von Seleukos, dem Nachfolger Alexanders des Gro&#223;en, zu besiegen und das Maurya-Reich zu begr&#252;nden. Auch wenn die afrikanischen Kriegselefanten der Karthager nur wenig ausrichten konnten, so machten sie ihrem Ruf als gef&#252;rchtetes Kriegsger&#228;t alle Ehre, als Hannibal seine Truppen mitsamt den Dickh&#228;utern &#252;ber die Alpen f&#252;hrte, um im Jahre 218 vor Christus in Rom einzufallen. Die taktische Bedeutung der Kriegselefanten resultiert zum gro&#223;en Teil aus ihrer Eigenschaft, sowohl Fu&#223;soldaten als auch die Kavallerie anzugreifen und in Panik zu versetzen. Das indische Milit&#228;r setzte sie zwar noch bis zum 20. Jahrhundert aktiv ein, letztlich erging es ihnen am Ende aber wie vielen anderen traditionellen "Waffen": Ihr milit&#228;rischer Nutzen endete mit dem verbreiteten Einsatz von Schie&#223;pulver.</German>
		<Italian>[TAB]L'elefante da guerra fu usato per la prima volta in India e fu conosciuto dai Persiani intorno al quarto secolo a. C. Grazie a queste unit&#224;, Candra Gupta sconfisse il successore di Alessandro, Seleuco, e fond&#242; l'Impero Maurya. Anche se gli elefanti da guerra africani di Cartagine non furono determinanti, la loro presenza nell'esercito di Annibale durante la sua traversata delle Alpi verso il cuore di Roma, nel 218 a. C., afferm&#242; la loro reputazione di arma temibile. Apparentemente, l'importanza tattica dell'elefante si basa in gran parte sulla sua predisposizione a caricare sia i fanti che la cavalleria, nonch&#233; sul panico che &#232; in grado di suscitare. Malgrado sia stato usato nelle truppe indiane fino al XX secolo, alla pari di molte armi tradizionali, la sua utilit&#224; in guerra &#232; cessata con la diffusione della polvere da sparo.</Italian>
		<Spanish>[TAB]Los elefantes de guerra fueron utilizados por primera vez en la India, y los persas ya lo conoc&#237;an hacia el siglo IV a. C. Utilizando elefantes de guerra, Chandragupta derrot&#243; a Seleuco, sucesor de Alejandro, y fund&#243; el imperio mauryan. Aunque estos animales no sirvieron de mucho a Cartago, su presencia en el ej&#233;rcito de An&#237;bal durante el cruce de los Alpes y la invasi&#243;n de Roma en el a&#241;o 218 a. C. bast&#243; para cimentar su reputaci&#243;n como armas terribles. La importancia t&#225;ctica de los elefantes derivaba aparentemente de su disposici&#243;n a cargar tanto contra la infanter&#237;a como contra la caballer&#237;a, y del p&#225;nico que esto inspiraba. Aunque sirvieron en el ej&#233;rcito indio hasta el siglo XX, su utilidad real, al igual que ocurri&#243; con muchas otras armas tradicionales, termin&#243; con la difusi&#243;n generalizada de la p&#243;lvora.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_ALP</Tag>
		<English>Alp Arslan</English>
		<French>in French</French>
		<German>in German</German>
		<Italian>in Italian</Italian>
		<Spanish>in Spanish</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_ALP_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Alp Arslan[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Sultan of the Seljuk Turks[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived: [\BOLD]1030 - January 1073[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2]Alp Arslan was the son of Chaghri Beg, the ruler of Khorasan in Iran, and the nephew of Togrul, the governor of western Iran, the base of Seljuq expansion. In 1061 his father died. When, in 1063, his uncle died without issue, Alp Arslan became sole heir to all the possessions of the dynasty except Kerman, in southern Iran, which was held by one of his brothers, whom he promptly reduced to vassalage. He likewise easily eliminated the son of one of Togrul's widows, as well as Qutlumush, a cousin and rival.[PARAGRAPH:2]Born outside the traditional Muslim countries that he was later to govern, Alp Arslan left their administration to his vizier, Nizam al-Mulk, who later continued as administrator under the sultan's son and successor, Malik-Shah. While maintaining control of Iraq, Alp Arslan nevertheless shunned that country in order to avoid such clashes of interests with the caliphate, the seat of which was there, as had complicated Togrul's last days.[PARAGRAPH:2]Alp Arslan's political activity was based on the ideas that inspired all the three great Seljuq sovereigns. In Central Asia, peace was maintained with the Ghaznavid rulers who were hard to track down in their mountain strongholds in India, whereas against the Qarakhanids of Transoxania, force was used. In the west, where Alp Arslan was to gain all his glory, he was faced with a more complicated situation. On the one hand, he decided to go to Egypt to crush the Isma'ili Fatimid heresy, which the 'Abbasid Sunnite caliphate at Baghdad, whose protector he was, would not accept. On the other hand, he was aware of the necessity of keeping his influence over the Turkmens, which was essential to his military strength. The Turkmens were interested above all in the success of the holy war against the infidels and in raids on Christian territory. Against the Byzantines and their Armenian and Georgian neighbours, Alp Arslan conducted a series of campaigns, which were extended by attacks from autonomous Turkmen bands. In 1064 he seized Ani, the former Armenian capital, and Kars. These operations resulted only in some consolidation of boundaries, which assured the Turkmens control over pastureland on the Aras River. Nevertheless, although the Turkmens returned to Muslim territory to store away their booty, these expeditions upset the Byzantine defense system and paved the way for the subsequent Turkish conquest of Asia Minor. They resulted in Byzantine reactions in Syria and Armenia, after which the two empires began to negotiate.[PARAGRAPH:2]Alp Arslan then judged himself sufficiently protected on the Byzantine side to undertake, at the request of Egyptian rebels, the great anti-Fatimid expedition that had been asked for by the orthodox 'Abbasid caliphate. As he was about to attack Aleppo, whose prince was too late in siding with the 'Abbasids, and was preparing to occupy Syria, Alp Arslan learned that the Byzantine emperor Romanus IV Diogenes, with a formidable army, was assaulting his rear army in Armenia. Quickly retracing his steps, he faced his adversary near Manzikert in August 1071. The Byzantine army, powerful in numbers but weak in morale, fell before the outnumbered but dedicated Turks. By evening the Byzantine army was defeated, and, for the first time in history, a Byzantine emperor had become the prisoner of a Muslim sovereign. Alp Arslan's goal was not to destroy the Byzantine Empire: he was content with the rectification of boundaries, the promise of tribute, and an alliance. But the Battle of Manzikert opened Asia Minor to Turkmen conquest. Later, every princely family in Asia Minor was to claim an ancestor who had fought on that prestigious day.[PARAGRAPH:2]Alp Arslan's triumph was followed by a commonplace death, permitting moralists to recall that power rests only in God: at the end of 1072, he had returned to the Qarakhanid frontier and, during a quarrel, was mortally wounded by a prisoner. He had designated as his heir his son Malik-Shah, 13 years old, under the guardianship of Nizam al-Mulk.[PARAGRAPH:2]Alp Arslan's personality, in spite of the glory surrounding his name, is not easy to evaluate. Muslims see in him a great captain, a trainer of men, an honest man, an enemy of all treachery. Christians, contrasting his reputation with that of his son Malik-Shah, paint him in harsher colours. There is no doubt that conquest seems to have been his favourite pastime. Although an anonymous writer dedicated to him the Malek-nameh, an attempt to trace the origins of his family and the empire, Alp Arslan appears to have shown little interest in intellectual matters, leaving them, like the administration of his empire, to his vizier.[PARAGRAPH:2]</English>
		<French>in French</French>
		<German>in German</German>
		<Italian>in Italian</Italian>
		<Spanish>in Spanish</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>AI_DIPLO_FIRST_CONTACT_LEADER_ALP</Tag>
		<English>Praised be Allah and his prophet Muhammed! I am [OUR_NAME]. Know that I can tell a lion from where he dwells - can you?</English>
		<French>Salutations ! Je suis [OUR_NAME], je r&#232;gne sur l'[OUR_EMPIRE]. Je souhaite que nos deux grands peuples puissent vivre en paix.</French>
		<German>Seid gegr&#252;&#223;t! Ich bin [OUR_NAME], Staatsoberhaupt des [OUR_EMPIRE:3]es. Ich hoffe, unsere gro&#223;artigen V&#246;lker werden in Frieden zusammenleben.</German>
		<Italian>Saluti! Io sono [OUR_NAME] dell'[OUR_EMPIRE]. Spero che i nostri due grandi popoli possano vivere in pace.</Italian>
		<Spanish>Saludos. &#161;Soy [OUR_NAME], del [OUR_EMPIRE]! Espero que nuestros dos grandes pueblos puedan vivir en paz.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>	
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>AI_DIPLO_REFUSE_TO_TALK_LEADER_ALP</Tag>
		<English>Dogs may bark, but caravan still moves on.</English>
		<French>Vos bavardages incessants ne nous amusent pas, [CT_NAME] !</French>
		<German>Euer bedeutungsloses Geschwafel am&#252;siert uns ganz und gar nicht, [CT_NAME]!</German>
		<Italian>I tuoi balbettii senza senso non sono affatto divertenti, [CT_NAME]!</Italian>
		<Spanish>&#161;No nos hace gracia vuestra ch&#225;chara absurda, [CT_NAME]!</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>AI_DIPLO_NO_PEACE_LEADER_ALP</Tag>
		<English>Who loves a rose will endure its thorns. So will you, [CT_NAME], continue to bear the burden of this war.</English>
		<French>La guerre est tr&#232;s d&#233;plaisante, mais parfois n&#233;cessaire. Il appara&#238;t que nous sommes dans cette situation, aussi devons-nous rejeter votre requ&#234;te. Cette entrevue est termin&#233;e.</French>
		<German>Kriege sind eine h&#246;chst unangenehme Sache, manchmal aber auch unumg&#228;nglich. Und wie ich h&#246;re, ist das in diesem Fall so, deshalb muss ich Euer Anliegen zur&#252;ckweisen. Diese Unterhaltung ist beendet!</German>
		<Italian>La guerra non &#232; per niente piacevole, ma a volte &#232; necessaria. Questa &#232; una di quelle volte, perci&#242; dobbiamo respingere le tue suppliche. L'udienza termina qui.</Italian>
		<Spanish>La guerra es harto desagradable, pero a veces resulta necesaria. Nos informan de que &#233;sta es una de esas veces, as&#237; que debemos rechazar vuestras s&#250;plicas. La audiencia ha terminado.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>AI_DIPLO_GREETINGS_ATT_FR_LEADER_ALP</Tag>
		<English>A good person always arrives on the uttering of his name. Ah, what blessing it is to see you, [CT_NAME]!</English>
		<French>Je vous souhaite la bienvenue ! Venez, allons d&#233;truire nos ennemis du haut de nos chars et laissons cinquante mille cadavres sur le champ de bataille pour le festin des corbeaux !</French>
		<German>Willkommen! Lasst uns unsere Streitwagen anspannen und unsere Feinde vernichten! M&#246;gen die Gefallenen auf dem Schlachtfeld ein Festmahl f&#252;r die Geier sein!</German>
		<Italian>Salve, ti do il benvenuto! Montiamo sulle bighe e distruggiamo i nemici, lasceremo sul campo di battaglia solamente i cadaveri perch&#233; se ne sfamino i corvi!</Italian>
		<Spanish>&#161;Os saludamos, camarada! Venga, montemos en los carros, destruyamos a nuestros enemigos y dejemos cincuenta mil cad&#225;veres pudri&#233;ndose en el campo de batalla como pasto para los cuervos.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>AI_DIPLO_GREETINGS_ATT_FUR_LEADER_ALP</Tag>
		<English>Remove that bean hiding under your tongue. In the name of Allah, tell me what you want already!</English>
		<French>Bonjour, [CT_NAME]. A quoi devons-nous cette interruption inattendue ?</French>
		<German>Guten Tag, [CT_NAME]. Was beschert mir diese unerwartete St&#246;rung?</German>
		<Italian>Buongiorno a te, [CT_NAME]. A cosa dobbiamo questa interruzione inaspettata?</Italian>
		<Spanish>Buenos d&#237;as teng&#225;is, [CT_NAME]. &#191;A qu&#233; debemos esta interrupci&#243;n tan inesperada?</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>AI_DIPLO_DEMAND_TRIBUTE_POWER_WEAKER_ALP</Tag>
		<English>There is a [CT_CIV_ADJ] proverb which says, "If the imam farts, the whole congregation will defecate." Now, most noble [CT_NAME], if you give us - just help us - this once, who knows how we shall help you in the future?</English>
		<French>Les [CT_CIV_ADJ] sont dans le besoin, [CT_NAME]. J'esp&#232;re que vous ne les d&#233;cevrez pas.</French>
		<German>Das [CT_CIV_ADJ:3] Volk befindet sich in einer &#252;blen Notlage, [CT_NAME]! Entt&#228;uscht uns nicht!</German>
		<Italian>Il popolo [CT_CIV_ADJ:1] vive nell'indigenza, [CT_NAME]. Non deluderci.</Italian>
		<Spanish>El pueblo [CT_CIV_ADJ:1] tiene una gran necesidad, [CT_NAME]. No nos decepcion&#233;is.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>AI_DIPLO_DEMAND_TRIBUTE_POWER_EQUAL_ALP</Tag>
		<English>No pain, no gain, right, [CT_NAME]? I am certain you would want to improve the relationship between the [OUR_EMPIRE] and the [CT_NAME]!</English>
		<French>Nous avons des besoins, [CT_NAME]. Veuillez les satisfaire.</French>
		<German>Auch wir haben Bed&#252;rfnisse, [CT_NAME]! Und es ist an Euch, sie zu befriedigen!</German>
		<Italian>Abbiamo delle necessit&#224;, [CT_NAME]. Ti preghiamo di accettarle.</Italian>
		<Spanish>Tenemos necesidades, [CT_NAME]. Satisfacedlas, por favor.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>AI_DIPLO_DEMAND_TRIBUTE_POWER_STRONGER_ALP</Tag>
		<English>[CT_NAME], you should kiss the hand that you can't bend. Our great [OUR_EMPIRE], now, needs a little something.</English>
		<French>Donnez aux [CT_CIV_SHORT] ce qui leur revient, [CT_NAME] ! Nous ne vous le demanderons pas deux fois.</French>
		<German>Gebt [CT_CIV_SHORT], was ihm zusteht, [CT_NAME]! Wir werden Euch kein zweites Mal darum bitten!</German>
		<Italian>Dona ci&#242; che ti richiede [CT_CIV_SHORT:2], [CT_NAME]! Non te lo chiederemo una seconda volta!</Italian>
		<Spanish>&#161;Dadle a [CT_CIV_SHORT] lo que le corresponde, [CT_NAME]! No os lo pediremos otra vez.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>								
</Civ4GameText>