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<!-- edited with XMLSPY v2004 rel. 2 U (http://www.xmlspy.com) by XMLSPY 2004 Professional Ed. Release 2, Installed Multi + SMP for 3 users (Firaxis Games) -->
<!-- Sid Meier's Civilization 4 -->
<!-- Copyright Firaxis Games 2005 -->
<!-- -->
<!-- Game Text - RFCE Leaders -->
<Civ4GameText xmlns="http://www.firaxis.com">
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_SAUD</Tag>
		<English>Muhammad bin Saud</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_FRANZ_JOZEPH</Tag>
		<English>Franz Joseph I</English>
		<French>Franz Joseph I</French>
		<German>Franz Joseph I</German>
		<Italian>Franz Joseph I</Italian>
		<Spanish>Franz Joseph I</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_FRANZ_JOSEPH_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Franz Josef[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Emperor of Austria[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived:[\BOLD]1930 - 1916[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Francis Joseph I (in German often abbreviated Franz Joseph or Franz Josef, and in English also Francis Joseph) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916, and Apostolic King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. He was born in Vienna, Austria. His 68 years on the throne makes him one of the longest-serving monarchs in European history, and while his heir Karl took over for two years upon his death in 1916, Franz Joseph is clearly the last of the great Habsburg monarchs.[PARAGRAPH:1]Archduke Franz was the oldest son of Archduke Franz Karl, who was brother and heir of Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I, and his wife Sophie, Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Bavaria). Franz was also the older brother of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. Because his father renounced his claim to the throne, Franz was brought up by his mother as a future Emperor with emphasis on devoutness, responsibility and diligence. His youth was marked with seclusion and he never got approximated even with his brothers and sisters. At the age of 13 he started a career as a colonel in Austrian army. Since then his fashion was dictated by army style and he wore the uniform for most of his life.[PARAGRAPH:1]He became Austrian Emperor as Franz Joseph I when Ferdinand abdicated near the end of the Revolution of 1848, on December 2, 1848. His imperial career was at first connected with the personality of Felix Schwarzenberg and was targeted to restore absolutism and regain the powerful position in foreign affairs. He abolished the Constitution of 1849 and became a sovereign monarch in 1852. However, the 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy (Crimean War and breaking-up with Russia, Austro-Sardinian War of 1859 against armies of the House of Savoy and Napoleon III).[PARAGRAPH:1]The set-backs continued in the 1860s with Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It resulted in Austrian-Hungarian Dualism in 1867.[PARAGRAPH:1]In 1854 Franz Joseph married Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria (also Princess of Bavaria through her mother's side of the family), who became Elisabeth of Austria ("Sisi" or "Sissi"). Their only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, committed suicide in 1889 in the (in)famous Mayerling episode with his young mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera. Rudolf's killing of the Baroness Vetsera was an extremely grim chapter in the long line of outbreaks of mental instability in the Habsburg Dynasty caused by their long history of inbreeding. The younger brother to Emperor Franz Joseph, the Archduke Viktor Ludwig, spent most of his life exiled on the island of Capri, following a series of scandals involving dressing up in women's clothes and molesting his military aides.[PARAGRAPH:1]Notwithstanding the scandals, there were times when Franz Joseph took firm moral stands. When Pope Pius IX detained the six-year-old Jewish boy Edgardo Mortara on account of the claim that a housekeeper had secretly baptized him, Emperor Franz Joseph sent the Pope a plea to return the child to his parents. The Pope refused his request.[PARAGRAPH:1]When World War I erupted, Austria-Hungary fought in alliance with Germany, but the Austro-Hungarian Army proved ill-prepared and ill-equipped. Franz Joseph's conservatism was partly to blame: when presented with the suggestion that the army should acquire a newly-developed mechanical weapon, namely tanks, he famously retorted: "Absolutely not. The horses will be startled!".[PARAGRAPH:1]Their three other children were Archduchess Sophie of Austria (1855 - 1858), Archduchess Gisela of Austria (1856 - 1932) and Archduchess Marie-Valerie of Austria (1868 - 1924).[PARAGRAPH:1]The archipelago Franz Josef Land in the Russian high arctic was named in his honor in 1873. Franz Josef Glacier in New Zealand's South Island also bears his name.</English>
		<French>[H1]Franz Josef[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Emperor of Austria[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived:[\BOLD]1930 - 1916[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Francis Joseph I (in German often abbreviated Franz Joseph or Franz Josef, and in English also Francis Joseph) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916, and Apostolic King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. He was born in Vienna, Austria. His 68 years on the throne makes him one of the longest-serving monarchs in European history, and while his heir Karl took over for two years upon his death in 1916, Franz Joseph is clearly the last of the great Habsburg monarchs.[PARAGRAPH:1]Archduke Franz was the oldest son of Archduke Franz Karl, who was brother and heir of Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I, and his wife Sophie, Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Bavaria). Franz was also the older brother of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. Because his father renounced his claim to the throne, Franz was brought up by his mother as a future Emperor with emphasis on devoutness, responsibility and diligence. His youth was marked with seclusion and he never got approximated even with his brothers and sisters. At the age of 13 he started a career as a colonel in Austrian army. Since then his fashion was dictated by army style and he wore the uniform for most of his life.[PARAGRAPH:1]He became Austrian Emperor as Franz Joseph I when Ferdinand abdicated near the end of the Revolution of 1848, on December 2, 1848. His imperial career was at first connected with the personality of Felix Schwarzenberg and was targeted to restore absolutism and regain the powerful position in foreign affairs. He abolished the Constitution of 1849 and became a sovereign monarch in 1852. However, the 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy (Crimean War and breaking-up with Russia, Austro-Sardinian War of 1859 against armies of the House of Savoy and Napoleon III).[PARAGRAPH:1]The set-backs continued in the 1860s with Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It resulted in Austrian-Hungarian Dualism in 1867.[PARAGRAPH:1]In 1854 Franz Joseph married Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria (also Princess of Bavaria through her mother's side of the family), who became Elisabeth of Austria ("Sisi" or "Sissi"). Their only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, committed suicide in 1889 in the (in)famous Mayerling episode with his young mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera. Rudolf's killing of the Baroness Vetsera was an extremely grim chapter in the long line of outbreaks of mental instability in the Habsburg Dynasty caused by their long history of inbreeding. The younger brother to Emperor Franz Joseph, the Archduke Viktor Ludwig, spent most of his life exiled on the island of Capri, following a series of scandals involving dressing up in women's clothes and molesting his military aides.[PARAGRAPH:1]Notwithstanding the scandals, there were times when Franz Joseph took firm moral stands. When Pope Pius IX detained the six-year-old Jewish boy Edgardo Mortara on account of the claim that a housekeeper had secretly baptized him, Emperor Franz Joseph sent the Pope a plea to return the child to his parents. The Pope refused his request.[PARAGRAPH:1]When World War I erupted, Austria-Hungary fought in alliance with Germany, but the Austro-Hungarian Army proved ill-prepared and ill-equipped. Franz Joseph's conservatism was partly to blame: when presented with the suggestion that the army should acquire a newly-developed mechanical weapon, namely tanks, he famously retorted: "Absolutely not. The horses will be startled!".[PARAGRAPH:1]Their three other children were Archduchess Sophie of Austria (1855 - 1858), Archduchess Gisela of Austria (1856 - 1932) and Archduchess Marie-Valerie of Austria (1868 - 1924).[PARAGRAPH:1]The archipelago Franz Josef Land in the Russian high arctic was named in his honor in 1873. Franz Josef Glacier in New Zealand's South Island also bears his name.</French>
		<German>[H1]Franz Josef[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Emperor of Austria[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived:[\BOLD]1930 - 1916[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Francis Joseph I (in German often abbreviated Franz Joseph or Franz Josef, and in English also Francis Joseph) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916, and Apostolic King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. He was born in Vienna, Austria. His 68 years on the throne makes him one of the longest-serving monarchs in European history, and while his heir Karl took over for two years upon his death in 1916, Franz Joseph is clearly the last of the great Habsburg monarchs.[PARAGRAPH:1]Archduke Franz was the oldest son of Archduke Franz Karl, who was brother and heir of Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I, and his wife Sophie, Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Bavaria). Franz was also the older brother of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. Because his father renounced his claim to the throne, Franz was brought up by his mother as a future Emperor with emphasis on devoutness, responsibility and diligence. His youth was marked with seclusion and he never got approximated even with his brothers and sisters. At the age of 13 he started a career as a colonel in Austrian army. Since then his fashion was dictated by army style and he wore the uniform for most of his life.[PARAGRAPH:1]He became Austrian Emperor as Franz Joseph I when Ferdinand abdicated near the end of the Revolution of 1848, on December 2, 1848. His imperial career was at first connected with the personality of Felix Schwarzenberg and was targeted to restore absolutism and regain the powerful position in foreign affairs. He abolished the Constitution of 1849 and became a sovereign monarch in 1852. However, the 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy (Crimean War and breaking-up with Russia, Austro-Sardinian War of 1859 against armies of the House of Savoy and Napoleon III).[PARAGRAPH:1]The set-backs continued in the 1860s with Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It resulted in Austrian-Hungarian Dualism in 1867.[PARAGRAPH:1]In 1854 Franz Joseph married Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria (also Princess of Bavaria through her mother's side of the family), who became Elisabeth of Austria ("Sisi" or "Sissi"). Their only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, committed suicide in 1889 in the (in)famous Mayerling episode with his young mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera. Rudolf's killing of the Baroness Vetsera was an extremely grim chapter in the long line of outbreaks of mental instability in the Habsburg Dynasty caused by their long history of inbreeding. The younger brother to Emperor Franz Joseph, the Archduke Viktor Ludwig, spent most of his life exiled on the island of Capri, following a series of scandals involving dressing up in women's clothes and molesting his military aides.[PARAGRAPH:1]Notwithstanding the scandals, there were times when Franz Joseph took firm moral stands. When Pope Pius IX detained the six-year-old Jewish boy Edgardo Mortara on account of the claim that a housekeeper had secretly baptized him, Emperor Franz Joseph sent the Pope a plea to return the child to his parents. The Pope refused his request.[PARAGRAPH:1]When World War I erupted, Austria-Hungary fought in alliance with Germany, but the Austro-Hungarian Army proved ill-prepared and ill-equipped. Franz Joseph's conservatism was partly to blame: when presented with the suggestion that the army should acquire a newly-developed mechanical weapon, namely tanks, he famously retorted: "Absolutely not. The horses will be startled!".[PARAGRAPH:1]Their three other children were Archduchess Sophie of Austria (1855 - 1858), Archduchess Gisela of Austria (1856 - 1932) and Archduchess Marie-Valerie of Austria (1868 - 1924).[PARAGRAPH:1]The archipelago Franz Josef Land in the Russian high arctic was named in his honor in 1873. Franz Josef Glacier in New Zealand's South Island also bears his name.</German>
		<Italian>[H1]Franz Josef[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Emperor of Austria[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived:[\BOLD]1930 - 1916[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Francis Joseph I (in German often abbreviated Franz Joseph or Franz Josef, and in English also Francis Joseph) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916, and Apostolic King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. He was born in Vienna, Austria. His 68 years on the throne makes him one of the longest-serving monarchs in European history, and while his heir Karl took over for two years upon his death in 1916, Franz Joseph is clearly the last of the great Habsburg monarchs.[PARAGRAPH:1]Archduke Franz was the oldest son of Archduke Franz Karl, who was brother and heir of Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I, and his wife Sophie, Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Bavaria). Franz was also the older brother of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. Because his father renounced his claim to the throne, Franz was brought up by his mother as a future Emperor with emphasis on devoutness, responsibility and diligence. His youth was marked with seclusion and he never got approximated even with his brothers and sisters. At the age of 13 he started a career as a colonel in Austrian army. Since then his fashion was dictated by army style and he wore the uniform for most of his life.[PARAGRAPH:1]He became Austrian Emperor as Franz Joseph I when Ferdinand abdicated near the end of the Revolution of 1848, on December 2, 1848. His imperial career was at first connected with the personality of Felix Schwarzenberg and was targeted to restore absolutism and regain the powerful position in foreign affairs. He abolished the Constitution of 1849 and became a sovereign monarch in 1852. However, the 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy (Crimean War and breaking-up with Russia, Austro-Sardinian War of 1859 against armies of the House of Savoy and Napoleon III).[PARAGRAPH:1]The set-backs continued in the 1860s with Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It resulted in Austrian-Hungarian Dualism in 1867.[PARAGRAPH:1]In 1854 Franz Joseph married Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria (also Princess of Bavaria through her mother's side of the family), who became Elisabeth of Austria ("Sisi" or "Sissi"). Their only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, committed suicide in 1889 in the (in)famous Mayerling episode with his young mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera. Rudolf's killing of the Baroness Vetsera was an extremely grim chapter in the long line of outbreaks of mental instability in the Habsburg Dynasty caused by their long history of inbreeding. The younger brother to Emperor Franz Joseph, the Archduke Viktor Ludwig, spent most of his life exiled on the island of Capri, following a series of scandals involving dressing up in women's clothes and molesting his military aides.[PARAGRAPH:1]Notwithstanding the scandals, there were times when Franz Joseph took firm moral stands. When Pope Pius IX detained the six-year-old Jewish boy Edgardo Mortara on account of the claim that a housekeeper had secretly baptized him, Emperor Franz Joseph sent the Pope a plea to return the child to his parents. The Pope refused his request.[PARAGRAPH:1]When World War I erupted, Austria-Hungary fought in alliance with Germany, but the Austro-Hungarian Army proved ill-prepared and ill-equipped. Franz Joseph's conservatism was partly to blame: when presented with the suggestion that the army should acquire a newly-developed mechanical weapon, namely tanks, he famously retorted: "Absolutely not. The horses will be startled!".[PARAGRAPH:1]Their three other children were Archduchess Sophie of Austria (1855 - 1858), Archduchess Gisela of Austria (1856 - 1932) and Archduchess Marie-Valerie of Austria (1868 - 1924).[PARAGRAPH:1]The archipelago Franz Josef Land in the Russian high arctic was named in his honor in 1873. Franz Josef Glacier in New Zealand's South Island also bears his name.</Italian>
		<Spanish>[H1]Franz Josef[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Emperor of Austria[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived:[\BOLD]1930 - 1916[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Francis Joseph I (in German often abbreviated Franz Joseph or Franz Josef, and in English also Francis Joseph) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916, and Apostolic King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. He was born in Vienna, Austria. His 68 years on the throne makes him one of the longest-serving monarchs in European history, and while his heir Karl took over for two years upon his death in 1916, Franz Joseph is clearly the last of the great Habsburg monarchs.[PARAGRAPH:1]Archduke Franz was the oldest son of Archduke Franz Karl, who was brother and heir of Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I, and his wife Sophie, Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Bavaria). Franz was also the older brother of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. Because his father renounced his claim to the throne, Franz was brought up by his mother as a future Emperor with emphasis on devoutness, responsibility and diligence. His youth was marked with seclusion and he never got approximated even with his brothers and sisters. At the age of 13 he started a career as a colonel in Austrian army. Since then his fashion was dictated by army style and he wore the uniform for most of his life.[PARAGRAPH:1]He became Austrian Emperor as Franz Joseph I when Ferdinand abdicated near the end of the Revolution of 1848, on December 2, 1848. His imperial career was at first connected with the personality of Felix Schwarzenberg and was targeted to restore absolutism and regain the powerful position in foreign affairs. He abolished the Constitution of 1849 and became a sovereign monarch in 1852. However, the 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy (Crimean War and breaking-up with Russia, Austro-Sardinian War of 1859 against armies of the House of Savoy and Napoleon III).[PARAGRAPH:1]The set-backs continued in the 1860s with Austro-Prussian War of 1866. It resulted in Austrian-Hungarian Dualism in 1867.[PARAGRAPH:1]In 1854 Franz Joseph married Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria (also Princess of Bavaria through her mother's side of the family), who became Elisabeth of Austria ("Sisi" or "Sissi"). Their only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, committed suicide in 1889 in the (in)famous Mayerling episode with his young mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera. Rudolf's killing of the Baroness Vetsera was an extremely grim chapter in the long line of outbreaks of mental instability in the Habsburg Dynasty caused by their long history of inbreeding. The younger brother to Emperor Franz Joseph, the Archduke Viktor Ludwig, spent most of his life exiled on the island of Capri, following a series of scandals involving dressing up in women's clothes and molesting his military aides.[PARAGRAPH:1]Notwithstanding the scandals, there were times when Franz Joseph took firm moral stands. When Pope Pius IX detained the six-year-old Jewish boy Edgardo Mortara on account of the claim that a housekeeper had secretly baptized him, Emperor Franz Joseph sent the Pope a plea to return the child to his parents. The Pope refused his request.[PARAGRAPH:1]When World War I erupted, Austria-Hungary fought in alliance with Germany, but the Austro-Hungarian Army proved ill-prepared and ill-equipped. Franz Joseph's conservatism was partly to blame: when presented with the suggestion that the army should acquire a newly-developed mechanical weapon, namely tanks, he famously retorted: "Absolutely not. The horses will be startled!".[PARAGRAPH:1]Their three other children were Archduchess Sophie of Austria (1855 - 1858), Archduchess Gisela of Austria (1856 - 1932) and Archduchess Marie-Valerie of Austria (1868 - 1924).[PARAGRAPH:1]The archipelago Franz Josef Land in the Russian high arctic was named in his honor in 1873. Franz Josef Glacier in New Zealand's South Island also bears his name.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_HONGWU</Tag>
		<English>Hongwu</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_HONGWU_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Hongwu[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Ming Emperor of China[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Reigned: [\BOLD]1368 - 1398[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2]Needs to be written</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_BILQIS</Tag>
		<English>Bilqis</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_BILQIS_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Bilqis[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Queen of Saba[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived: [\BOLD]c.1020 - c.955 BCE[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2]Needs to be written.</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_EL_CID</Tag>
		<English>El Cid</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_EL_CID_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]El Cid (Rodrigo D&#237;az de Vivar)[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]National Hero of Spain[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived: [\BOLD]c.1040 - 1099[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2]El Cid was a Spanish Knight in the 11th century. He was born an aristocrat, but died as a hero of the peasants. El Cid was born c. 1040 in the town of Vivar, with the name Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar. In 1057, he fought the Moorish stronghold of Zaragoza under the command of King Sancho II. He then became King Sancho's champion in combat, and earned his steed Bavieca. In 1072, King Sancho was assassinated by his brother Alfonso IV. El Cid then made King Alfonso swear upon holy relics that he had played no part in the death of King Sancho. Afterwards, El Cid, honor-bound to serve his king, believed Alfonso fully. But Alfonso distrusted El Cid, and in 1080 he was exiled. The exile, however, did not end El Cid's promising life.[PARAGRAPH:2]Needs to be finished.</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_SADDAM_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti [\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]President of Iraq [\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived: [\BOLD]1937 - 2006[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was the President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.  A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power.As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government, Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam spearheaded Iraq's nationalization of the Western-owned Iraq Petroleum Company, which had long held a monopoly on the country's oil.  Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatuses of government as Iraq's economy grew at a rapid pace.  As president, Saddam maintained power during the Iran–Iraq War of 1980 through 1988, and throughout the Persian Gulf War of 1991.  During these conflicts, Saddam suppressed several movements, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. Whereas some Arabs venerated him for his aggressive stance against foreign intervention and for his support for the Palestinians, other Arabs and Western leaders vilified him as the force behind both a deadly attack on northern Iraq in 1988 and, two years later, an invasion of Kuwait to the south.  By 2003, the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush perceived that Saddam remained sufficiently relevant and dangerous to be overthrown. In March of that year, the U.S. and its allies invaded Iraq, eventually deposing Saddam.  Captured by U.S. forces on 13 December 2003, Saddam was brought to trial under the Iraqi interim government set up by U.S.-led forces.  On 5 November 2006, he was convicted of charges related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites convicted of planning an assassination attempt against him, and was sentenced to death by hanging. Saddam was executed on 30 December 2006.  By the time of his death, Saddam had become a prolific author.  Among his works are multiple novels dealing with themes of romance, politics, and war.</English>
		<French>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD] : entretien lié à la distance[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD] : entretien lié au nombre de villes[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD] : dépenses des colonies[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD] : paiements des sociétés commerciales[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COÛT D'ENTRETIEN TOTAL DES VILLES : %d5[ICON_GOLD]</French>
		<German>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD]: Unterhalt für entfernte Städte[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD]: Anzahl der unterhaltspflichtigen Städte[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: Kolonialausgaben[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD]: Zahlungen für Kapitalgesellschaften[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]STADTUNTERHALTSKOSTEN GESAMT: %d5[ICON_GOLD]</German>
		<Italian>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD]: Distanza Mantenimento[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD]: Numero di città Mantenimento[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: Spese per le colonie[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD]: Pagamenti corporativi[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COSTO TOTALE MANTENIMENTO CITTÀ: %d5[ICON_GOLD]</Italian>
		<Spanish>[NEWLINE]%d1 [ICON_GOLD]: mantenimiento por lejanía[NEWLINE]%d2 [ICON_GOLD]: mantenimiento por cantidad de ciudades[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: gastos de la colonia[NEWLINE]%d4 [ICON_GOLD]: pagos a la corporación[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COSTE TOTAL MANTENIMIENTO CIUDAD: %d5 [ICON_GOLD]</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_SADDAM</Tag>
		<English>Saddam Hussein</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_NASSER</Tag>
		<English>Nasser</English>
		<German>Nasser</German>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_SANTA_ANNA</Tag>
		<English>Santa Anna</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_SANTA_ANNA_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]President of Mexico[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived: [\BOLD] 1794 - 1876 AD[NEWLINE] [PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD] [PARAGRAPH:1]Santa Anna’s normal loyalty would be to ally with the wealthy and privileged, but his immediate concern was to be on the winning side in any battle. Switching allegiance never troubled him. Santa Anna declared himself retired, "unless my country needs me". He decided he was needed when Anastasio Bustamante led a coup, overthrowing and killing President Vicente Guerrero. Santa Anna was elected president in 1833.[PARAGRAPH:1]Gómez Farías did many reforms, introducing antimilitary and anticlergical reforms. He reduced the size of the army and worked hard to root out corruption in the military. He also changed some rules reflecting the power of the Church. Clergymen would be allowed to preach only for religious matters. He altered the education as a fully secular system.[PARAGRAPH:1] The mandatory tax for the support of the Church was abolished. These drastic reforms angered many of the powerful among the military, wealthy landowners, and the Catholic Church. When there was rebellion and violence against the reform that Farias had made, Santa Anna changed his side, again. Santa Anna reversed his support for the liberals and joined the conservatives, dismissed Farías, declared the Constitution suspended, disbanded the Congress, and worked to concentrate power in the central government. This was applauded by some conservatives, but met with considerable disapproval from other sectors. He established a Catholic, centralist dictatorship and replaced the Constitution of 1824(the one that Farias established), with a new document, called The Seven Laws. the Constitution of 1836. The regime was a centralized dictatorship led by the military.[PARAGRAPH:1]Several states went into open rebellion: Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and Zacatecas. Several of these states formed their own governments, the Republic of the Rio Grande, the Republic of Yucatan, and the Republic of Texas. Only the Texans defeated Santa Anna and retained their independence. They and their allies from the United States declared independence from Mexico. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by reprisals Santa Anna committed against his defeated enemies.[PARAGRAPH:1]The Zacatecan militia, the largest and best supplied of the Mexican states, led by Francisco Garcia, was well armed with .753 caliber British 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles. After two hours of combat, on 12 May 1835, the Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. Santa Anna allowed his army to ransack Zacatecas for forty-eight hours. After defeating Zacatecas, he planned to move on to Coahuila y Tejas.</English>
	</TEXT>
   	<TEXT>
		<Tag>AI_DIPLO_FIRST_CONTACT_LEADER_SANTA_ANNA_1</Tag>
		<English>Hello, [CT_NAME]. I am General Santa Anna, Savior of Mexico!  What have you come to offer me in tribute?</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_JUAREZ</Tag>
		<English>Juarez</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_JUAREZ_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Benito Ju&#225;rez[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Five Times President of Mexico[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived: [\BOLD]March 21, 1806 - July 18, 1872[PARAGRAPH:2:1][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Benito Pablo Ju&#225;rez Garc&#237;a was a Zapotec Amerindian who served five terms as president of Mexico, he was the first Mexican leader who did not have a military background, and also the first full-blooded indigenous national ever to serve as President of Mexico and to lead a country in the Western Hemisphere.[PARAGRAPH:1] Ju&#225;rez was born of Indian parents, both of whom died when he was three years old. When he was 12 he left the uncle who was caring for him and joined his sister in the city of Oaxaca, where he began his formal education. He originally studied for the priesthood, but in 1829 he entered the Oaxaca Institute of Arts and Sciences to study law and science. In 1831 he received his law degree and also won his first public office, a seat on the municipal council. Impeccably honest, he never used public office for personal gain, and his modest way of life reflected his simple tastes even after his marriage in 1843 to Margarita Maza, an Oaxaca girl 17 years younger than he. Politics soon became his life’s work: he was a member of both the state and national legislatures, he became a judge in 1841, and he served as governor of his state, a post that brought him into national prominence. During these years in politics Ju&#225;rez began to formulate liberal solutions for his country’s many problems. The road to economic health, he concluded, lay in substituting capitalism for the stifling economic monopoly held by the Roman Catholic Church and the landed aristocracy. He also believed that political stability could be achieved only through the adoption of a constitutional form of government based on a federal system.[PARAGRAPH:1] But the return of the conservatives to power in the elections of 1853 doomed imminent reform in Mexico. Many prominent liberals were exiled, including Ju&#225;rez. From December 1853 until June 1855 he lived in New Orleans in the United States in semi poverty, occupying himself by exchanging ideas with other Mexicans and laying plans to return home. The opportunity to put his ideas into action finally came in 1855 when the liberals took control of the national government, and Ju&#225;rez left the United States to join the new administration of Juan &#193;lvarez as minister of justice and public instruction.[PARAGRAPH:1] The liberals carried out three major reforms, all supported by Ju&#225;rez. As minister of justice he was responsible for the law bearing his name that abolished special courts for the clergy and military, for he felt that juridical equality would help promote social equality. In June 1856 the government published the Ley Lerdo ("Lerdo Law," named after the minister of finance). Although it forced the church to sell its property, it contained no threat of confiscation. By breaking up large landed estates, the government hoped that many Mexicans would be able to acquire property and thus create the middle class that it believed was essential for a strong and stable Mexico. The climax of the reform was the liberal constitution promulgated in February 1857. In the same year, Ignacio Comonfort was elected president, and the new Congress chose Ju&#225;rez to preside over the Supreme Court and therefore, according to the constitution, also to serve as the effective vice president of Mexico. The court position was critical in determining his future career, for when the conservatives revolted and ousted Comonfort in January 1858, Ju&#225;rez had a legal claim to the presidency. Lacking troops to control the area around Mexico City, however, he retired to the eastern port city of Veracruz. At Veracruz Ju&#225;rez faced serious difficulties, for he had to create a government and hold it together through quarrels, betrayals, and defeat; to enforce and implement the constitution; to maintain armies in the field and defeat the conservative forces. But he was an extraordinarily tenacious and self-sufficient man, able to concentrate his energy and interest, and he proved himself the master of his government. Because the clergy was supporting the conservatives against the legal government, Ju&#225;rez enacted several laws to curb ecclesiastical power. He nationalized all church property, exempting only those buildings actually used for worship and instruction. To weaken clerical influence still further, he also nationalized the cemeteries and put birth registrations and marriages under the civil authority. Finally, the government separated church and state and guaranteed religious liberty to all citizens. [PARAGRAPH:1] By late 1860 the conservatives were faltering, and in January 1861 Ju&#225;rez was able to return to Mexico City and was constitutionally elected president. He was, however, faced with many serious problems: the opposition’s forces still remained intact, the new Congress distrusted its president, and the treasury was virtually empty. As a solution to this latter problem Ju&#225;rez decided in July 1861 to suspend payment on all foreign debts for two years. To safeguard their investments, England, Spain, and France decided to intervene, and by January 1862 the three countries had landed troops at Veracruz. But when Britain and Spain realized that Napoleon III intended to conquer Mexico and control it through a puppet, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, they withdrew their forces. Despite a major defeat at Puebla on May 5, 1862, reinforcements enabled the French to occupy Mexico City in June 1863, and Maximilian soon followed to take control of the government. Forced to leave the capital again, Ju&#225;rez kept himself and his government alive by a long series of retreats that ended only at El Paso del Norte (later named Ciudad Ju&#225;rez) at the Mexican-U.S. border. Early in 1867, as a result of continued Mexican resistance, increased U.S. pressure, and criticism at home, Napoleon decided to withdraw his troops. Soon afterward, Mexican forces captured Maximilian and executed him.[PARAGRAPH:1] Ju&#225;rez then made the greatest mistake of his political career. In August 1867, shortly after his return to Mexico City, he issued a call for national elections and for a referendum on whether Congress should make five amendments to the constitution. Public opinion did not object to the president’s running for re-election, but the constitutional changes aroused immediate and violent reaction in many quarters, including those sympathetic to Ju&#225;rez. His proposed changes came under fire because amendments enacted by Congress alone were unconstitutional, and the changes would strengthen the executive power. Ju&#225;rez was re-elected, but the controversy had created such a crisis of confidence that the administration did not even bother to count the votes on the amendments. Despite illness and personal loss—in October 1870 Ju&#225;rez suffered a stroke and three months later his wife died—he decided to run again in 1871. After a bitter campaign he was re-elected, but many of his countrymen, refusing to accept the result as final, took up arms against him. Ju&#225;rez spent the last few months of his life trying to restore peace. He died of a heart attack in 1872.[PARAGRAPH:1] March 21 is a day set to commemorate Juarez. This date has become a national holiday in Mexico, which has continued to grow in acceptance within the Mexican Culture. </English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_CARDENAS</Tag>
		<English>Cardenas</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>AI_DIPLO_FIRST_CONTACT_LEADER_CARDENAS_1</Tag>
		<English>Hola. I am [OUR_NAME] of the [OUR_EMPIRE]. I am convinced that the good intentions of a ruler are simply not enough and that the collective factor represented by the workers is indispensable. Don't you agree [CT_NAME]?</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_CARDENAS_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Lazaro Cardenas del Río[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]President of Mexico [\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived: [\BOLD] May 21, 1895 - October 19, 1970 AD [NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][PARAGRAPH:1]Lázaro Cárdenas was born in a lower-middle class family in the village of Jiquilpan, Michoacán. He supported his family (including his mother and 7 younger siblings) from age 16 on after the death of his father. He worked in a printing shop; although he had little formal education he used every opportunity to educate himself.[PARAGRAPH:1]Cárdenas originally set his sights at becoming a teacher, but was drawn into politics and the military during the Mexican Revolution after Victoriano Huerta overthrew President Francisco Madero. He backed Plutarco Elías Calles, and after Calles became President, Cárdenas became governor of Michoacán in 1928. He became known for his progressive program of building roads and schools and the unusual strict honesty of his administration.[PARAGRAPH:1]Calles continued to dominate Mexico after his presidency with administrations which were his puppets. He selected Cárdenas to be the PRI's presidential candidate on the assumption that he could control Cárdenas as he had controlled others. Cárdenas's first move once in office was to have his presidential salary cut in half. Even more surprising moves would follow. After establishing himself in the presidency, Cárdenas had Calles and dozens of his corrupt associates arrested or deported to the United States, which was greeted with great enthusiasm by the majority of the public.[PARAGRAPH:1]In 1938 Cárdenas nationalized Mexico's petroleum reserves and expropriated the equipment of the foreign oil companies in Mexico. Even though compensation for the expropriated assests was included in this legislation, this move aroused considerable hostility in the international business community and foreign governments, and Mexican oil and other goods were boycotted. However, with the outbreak of World War II, oil became a highly sought-after commodity and the boycott ended.[PARAGRAPH:1]After his presidential term he served as Mexico's secretary of defense through 1945.[PARAGRAPH:1]It is often said that Cárdenas was the only president from the PRI who did not use the office to make himself wealthy. He retired to a modest home by Lake Pátzcuaro and worked the rest of his life supervising irrigation projects and promoting free medical clinics and education for the nation's poor.[PARAGRAPH:1]Lázaro Cárdenas died of cancer in Mexico City. His son Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas is a prominent Mexican politician.[PARAGRAPH:1]</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_FILIPE</Tag>
		<English>Philip II</English>
		<French>
			<Text>Philippe II</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</French>
		<German>
			<Text>Philipp II.</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</German>
		<Italian>
			<Text>Filippo II</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</Italian>
		<Spanish>
			<Text>Felipe II</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_MAXIMILIAN</Tag>
		<English>Maximilian I</English>
		<French>Maximilien Ier</French>
		<German>Maximilian I.</German>
		<Italian>Massimiliano I</Italian>
		<Spanish>Maximiliano I</Spanish>
		<Portuguese>.</Portuguese>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_MAXIMILIAN_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Maximilian I[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Holy Roman Emperor[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived:[\BOLD] March 22, 1459 - January 12, 1519 AD[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Maximilian I, Holy Roman emperor, son of the emperor Frederick III and Leonora, daughter of Edward, King of Portugal, was born at Vienna Neustadt on the 22nd of March 1459. On the 18th of August 1477, by his marriage at Ghent to Mary, who had just inherited Burgundy and the Netherlands from her father Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, he effected a union of great importance in the history of the house of Habsburg. He at once undertook the defense of his wife's dominions from an attack by Louis XI, king of France, and defeated the French forces at Guinegatte, the modern Enguinegatte, on the 7th of August 1479. But Maximilian was regarded with suspicion by the states of Netherlands, and after suppressing a rising in Gelderland his position was further weakened by the death of his wife on the 27th of March 1482. He claimed to be recognized as guardian of his young son Philip and as regent of the Netherlands, but some of the states refused to agree to his demands and disorder was general. Maximilian was compelled to assent to the treaty of Arras in 1482 between the states of the Netherlands and Louis XI. This treaty provided that Maximilian's daughter Margaret of Austria should marry Charles, the dauphin of France, and have for her dowry Artois and Franche-Comté, two of the provinces in dispute, while the claim of Louis on the Duchy of Burgundy was tacitly admitted. Maximilian did not, however, abandon the struggle in the Netherlands. Having crushed a rebellion at Utrecht, he compelled the burghers of Ghent to restore Philip to him in 1485, and returning to Germany was chosen king of the Romans, or German king, at Frankfurt on the 16th of February 1486, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle on the 9th of the following April. Again in the Netherlands, he made a treaty with Francis II, Duke of Brittany, whose independence was threatened by the French regent, Anne of Beaujeu, and the struggle with France was soon renewed. This war was very unpopular with the trading cities of the Netherlands, and early in 1488 Maximilian, having entered Bruges, was detained there as a prisoner for nearly three months, and only set at liberty on the approach of his father with a large force. On his release he had promised he would maintain the treaty of Arras and withdraw from the Netherlands; but he delayed his departure for nearly a year and took part in a punitive campaign against his captors and their allies. On his return to Germany he made peace with France at Frankfurt in July 1489, and in October several of the states of the Netherlands recognized him as their ruler and as guardian of his son. In March 1490 the county of Tirol was added to his possessions through the abdication of his kinsman, Count Sigismund, and this district soon became his favorite residence.[PARAGRAPH:2]In August 1493 the death of the emperor left Maximilian sole ruler of Germany and head of the house of Habsburg; and on the 16th of March 1494 he married at Innsbruck Bianca Maria Sforza, daughter of Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1476). At this time Bianca's uncle, Ludovico Sforza, was invested with the Duchy of Milan in return for the substantial dowry which his niece brought to the king.[PARAGRAPH:2]Maximilian harbored the idea of driving the Turks from Europe; but his appeal to all Christian sovereigns was ineffectual. In 1494 he was again in the Netherlands, where he led an expedition against the rebels of Gelderland, assisted Perkin Warbeck to make a descent upon England, and formally handed over the government of the Low Countries to Philip. His attention was next turned to Italy, and, alarmed at the progress of Charles VIII in the peninsula, he signed the league of Venice in March 1495, and about the same time arranged a marriage between his son Philip and Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, king and queen of Castile and Aragon. The need for help to prosecute the war in Italy caused the king to call the diet to Worms in March 1495, when he urged the necessity of checking the progress of Charles. As during his father's lifetime Maximilian had favored the reforming party among the princes, proposals for the better government of the empire were brought forward at Worms as a necessary preliminary to financial and military support. Some reforms were adopted, the public peace was proclaimed without any limitation of time and a general tax was levied.[PARAGRAPH:2]The three succeeding years were mainly occupied with quarrels with the diet, with two invasions of France, and a war in Gelderland against Charles, count of Egmont, who claimed that duchy, and was supported by French troops. The reforms of 1495 were rendered abortive by the refusal of Maximilian to attend the diets or to take any part in the working of the new constitution, and in 1497 he strengthened his own authority by establishing an Aulic Council (Reichshofrath), which he declared was competent to deal with all business of the empire, and about the same time set up a court to centralize the financial administration of Germany.[PARAGRAPH:2]In February 1499 the king became involved in a war with the Swiss, who had refused to pay the imperial taxes or to furnish a contribution for the Italian expedition. Aided by France they defeated the German troops, and the peace of Basel in September 1499 recognized them as virtually independent of the empire. About this time Maximilian's ally, Ludovico of Milan, was taken prisoner by Louis XII, King of France, and Maximilian was again compelled to ask the diet for help. An elaborate scheme for raising an army was agreed to, and in return a council of regency (Reichsregiment) was established, which amounted, in the words of a Venetian envoy, to a deposition of the king. The relations were now very strained between the reforming princes and Maximilian, who, unable to raise an army, refused to attend the meetings of the council at Nuremberg, while both parties treated for peace with France. The hostility of the king rendered the council impotent. He was successful in winning the support of many of the younger princes, and in establishing a new court of justice, the members of which were named by himself. The negotiations with France ended in the treaty of Blois, signed in September 1504, when Maximilian's grandson Charles was betrothed to Claude, daughter of Louis XII, and Louis, invested with the Duchy of Milan, agreed to aid the king of the Romans to secure the imperial crown. A succession difficulty in Bavaria-Landshut was only decided after Maximilian had taken up arms and narrowly escaped with his life at Regensburg. In the settlement of this question, made in 1505, he secured a considerable increase of territory, and when the king met the diet at Cologne in 1505 he was at the height of his power. His enemies at home were crushed, and their leader, Berthold, elector of Mainz, was dead; while the outlook abroad was more favorable than it had been since his accession.</English>
		<French>.</French>
		<German>[H1]Maximilian I.[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Heiliger Römischer Kaiser[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lebte:[\BOLD] 1459-1519[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Hintergrund:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Maximilian wurde 1459 als Sohn des Kaiser Friedrich III. und dessen Gemahlin Eleonore von Portugal in Wiener Neustadt geboren.[NEWLINE]Der junge Habsburger wuchs als ein naturverbundener und sportlich ambitionierter Mensch auf, in dem ein heiteres Gemüt steckte. Schon bald konnte er aber auch mit sämtlichen Waffen des Hofarsenals umgehen und verstand es sogar eine Kanone zu bedienen.[NEWLINE]Der als leidenschaftliche Jäger und Angler bekannte Maximilian durchstreifte in seinem späteren Leben oft das Gebiet des Außerfern und hier vor allem den Bereich des Plansees und Heiterwanger Sees. Ebenso groß wie die Liebe zum Jagen war auch seine Freude an Ausritten zu Pferde. Jedoch verstand sich Maximilian nicht nur auf allerlei sportliche Aktivitäten, sondern er war auch in der Kunst der Strategie und Taktik im Kriegswesen bestens ausgebildet worden.[PARAGRAPH:2]Im Alter von achtzehn Jahren wurde Maximilian am 19. August 1477 in Gent mit der Tochter Karls "des Kühnen", Maria von Burgund, verheiratet. Diese Ehe entstand, wie so viele in der Geschichte Habsburgs, aus einer politischen Überlegung heraus. Um sich politisch zu festigen, wünschte Maximilians Vater Friedrich III. diese Heirat. Allerdings verlief diese Ehe dann nicht mit der politischen Berechenbarkeit, durch welche sie entstanden war, sondern eine echte Liebe entstand zwischen Maria und Maximilian. Dieser Liebe entsprang etwa ein Jahr nach der Eheschließung das erste Kind. Dieser Junge bekam den Namen Philipp, der bald um den Namensanhang "der Schöne" erweitert wurde.[NEWLINE]Das Leben in Gent war für Maximilian aber nicht immer einfach. Der Franzosenkönig Ludwig XI. wollte Maximilian, der damals schon deutscher König war, das Gebiet Burgund streitig machen. Ludwig XI. ließ nichts unversucht, um seiner Forderung nach dem Territorium Nachdruck zu verleihen. Maximilian hingegen, der ja auch in die Kriegskunst und die Lehre der Taktik eingeschult war, baute das etwas marode burgundische Heer aus und bringt 1478 die Schweizer dazu, aus einer zuvor eingegangenen Allianz mit Frankreich auszutreten. In darauf folgenden Schlachten fügte Maximilians neue Streitmacht den Franzosen immer wieder kleinere Niederlagen zu. Jedoch war der Habsburg noch nicht erfahren genug, um zu realisieren, dass Ludwig XI. schon längst auf politischer Ebene gegen ihn vorging.[NEWLINE]Um die Streitigkeiten zu beenden und auch die politische Stärke zu untermauern, musste Maximilian in einer für ihn schwierigen Zeit seine erst dreijährige Tochter Margarete zur Verlobung mit dem Sohn des Franzosenkönigs, Karl VIII., freigeben.[PARAGRAPH:2]Als 1482 Maximilians erneut schwangere Frau, Maria von Burgund, bei einem Jagdausflug vom Pferd fällt und ihren Verletzungen im Alter von 25 Jahren nach wenigen Wochen erliegt, schlägt ihm bald eine Welle der Ablehnung der Burgunder entgegen. Sie wollen nur den Sohn und Thronerben behalten, ihn selbst jedoch wollen sie nicht mehr in ihrer Mitte haben.[PARAGRAPH:2]Ende August 1483 stirbt der Franzose Ludwig XI. und sein Sohn Karl VIII. besteigt den Thron. Karl lässt den ungeliebten Schwiegervater in Brügge gefangen nehmen. Erst als Maximilians Vater Friedrich III. mit einem Militärschlag droht, lässt Karl den Habsburger frei.[PARAGRAPH:2]Um seinen Einfluss zu erweitern heiratet Maximilian Anna von der Bretagne, daraufhin rückt Karl VIII. mit seinem Heer in der Bretagne ein und lässt durch ein päpstliches Dispens die Ehe zwischen dem Habsburg und Anna annullieren. Für Karl aber noch nicht genug, er heiratet selbst die Erbprinzessin Anna von der Bretagne. Allerdings kommt er jetzt in den Konflikt, dass ihm ja schon die Tochter von Maximilian vertraglich zugesichert war. Allerdings braucht sich Karl VIII. um diese Frage nicht weiter zu kümmern, denn Maximilian greift nun seinerseits den Franzosen an und erobert einen Großteil seiner Erblande zurück. Burgund jedoch bleibt in französischer Hand. Der deutsche König ist inzwischen aber kriegsmüde geworden und so kehrt er nach Österreich zurück.[PARAGRAPH:2]Als Erzherzog Sigmund in den Ländereien Tirols eine herbe, wirtschaftliche Niederlage erleidet, muss er zu Gunsten von Maximilian I. abdanken und die Regierungsgeschäfte an ihn übergeben.[PARAGRAPH:2]1493 heiratet der Habsburg nun zum dritten mal. Bianca Maria Sforza hieß die Auserwählte und entstammte der mächtigsten Familie Mailands. Maximilian, dessen Kassen eigentlich immer leer waren brauchte diese Ehe als finanzielle Absicherung und auf Grund der strategischen Wichtigkeit Mailands. Das Herzogtum hatte eine Schlüsselposition im Ringen um Italien. Streitparteien waren auch hier wieder Maximilian und der Franzosenkönig Karl VIII.[PARAGRAPH:2]Im August des selben Jahres stirbt nun Maximilians Vater Friedrich III. im Alter von knapp 78 Jahren. Der deutsche König befasst sich nun intensiver mit der politischen Situation. Sein Vater Friedrich III. hatte ihn bis dahin aus den Regierungsgeschäften immer ein wenig herausgehalten.[PARAGRAPH:2]Maximilians Sohn, Philipp "der Schöne" wird am 20. Oktober 1496 in Lier mit Juana (Johanna) von Kastilien verheiratet. Somit ist der Aufstieg des Hauses Habsburg zur Weltgeltung besiegelt. Maximilian selbst versucht sich weiterhin den politischen Geschäften zu widmen, die Streitigkeiten langweilen ihn aber immer mehr und so zieht er es vor sich in den Tiroler Bergen den Jagdfreuden zu widmen. Jedoch ließ er die Politik nicht gänzlich Ruhen. Als der Habsburger im Januar 1519 auf dem Weg nach Wien in Wels stirbt, besteigt sein Enkel Karl V. den Kaiserthron.</German>
		<Italian>.</Italian>
		<Spanish>.</Spanish>
		<Portuguese>.</Portuguese>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_BAIBARS</Tag>
		<English>Baibars</English>
		<German>Baibars</German>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_BAIBARS_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Baibars[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived:[\BOLD] c. 1223 - July 1, 1277[PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Baibars was a commander of the Mamluks in around 1250, when he defeated the Seventh Crusade of Louis IX of France. He was still a commander under Sultan Qutuz at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 when he decisively defeated the Mongols. After the battle Sultan Qutuz was assassinated while on a hunting expedition. It was said that Baibars was involved in the assassination because he expected to be rewarded with the governorship of Aleppo for his military success; but Qutuz, fearing his ambition, refused to give such a post and disappointed him. Baibars succeeded Qutuz as Sultan of Egypt.[PARAGRAPH:1]His reign marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the Crusader presence in Syria and to unite Egypt and Syria into one powerful state that was able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols. As Sultan, Baibars also engaged in a combination of diplomacy and military action which allowed the Mamluks to greatly expand their empire.</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_IBN_TUGHLUQ</Tag>
		<English>Muhammad ibn Tughluq</English>
		<German>Muhammad ibn Tughluq</German>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_AKBAR</Tag>
		<English>Akbar</English>
		<French>
			<Text>Akbar</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</French>
		<German>
			<Text>Akbar</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</German>
		<Italian>
			<Text>Akbar</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</Italian>
		<Spanish>
			<Text>Akbar</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_ABBAS</Tag>
		<English>Abbas I</English>
		<German>Abbas I.</German>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_KHOMEINI</Tag>
		<English>Khomeini</English>
		<German>Chomeini</German>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_ALFRED</Tag>
		<English>Alfred</English>
		<French>
			<Text>Alfred</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</French>
		<German>
			<Text>Alfred</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</German>
		<Italian>
			<Text>Alfred</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</Italian>
		<Spanish>
			<Text>Alfred</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_ALFRED_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Alfred the Great[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]King of Wessex[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived:[\BOLD] 849 - October 26, 899 AD[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Alfred the Great ("elf counsel"; 849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899.[PARAGRAPH:2]Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by his death had become the dominant ruler in England.[1] He is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet "the Great". Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser. Alfred was a learned and merciful man who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system and military structure.</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_YAROSLAV</Tag>
		<English>Yaroslav</English>
		<French>Iaroslav</French>
		<German>Jaroslaw</German>
		<Italian>Iaroslav</Italian>
		<Spanish>Yaroslav</Spanish>
		<Portuguese>.</Portuguese>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_YAROSLAV_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Yaroslav I the Wise[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Grand Prince of Kievan Rus[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived:[\BOLD] c. 978 - February 20, 1054 AD[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Yaroslav I the Wise was thrice Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, uniting the two principalities for a time under his rule. During his lengthy reign, Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural flowering and military power.[PARAGRAPH:2]After the death of his father Vladimir the Great, Yaroslav waged a complicated and bloody war for Kiev against his half-brother Sviatopolk, who was supported by his father-in-law, Duke Boleslaw I Chrobry of Poland. During the course of this struggle, several other brothers (Boris, Gleb, and Svyatoslav) were brutally murdered. The Primary Chronicle accused Svyatopolk of planning those murders, while the Saga of Eymund is often interpreted as recounting the story of Boris's assassination by the Varangians in the service of Yaroslav.[PARAGRAPH:2]Leaving aside the legitimacy of Yaroslav's claims to the Kievan throne and his postulated guilt in the murder of his brothers, Nestor the Chronicler and later Russian historians often presented him as a model of virtue, styling him "the Wise". Yaroslav was a notable patron of book culture and learning. In 1051, he had a Russian monk Ilarion proclaimed the metropolitan of Kiev, thus challenging old Byzantine tradition of placing Greeks on the episcopal sees. Ilarion's discourse on Yaroslav and his father Vladimir is frequently cited as the first work of Old Russian literature.[PARAGRAPH:2]In his foreign policy, Yaroslav relied on the Scandinavian alliance and attempted to weaken the Byzantine influence on Kiev. In 1030, he reconquered Red Rus from the Poles and concluded an alliance with King Casimir I of Poland, sealed by the latter's marriage to Yaroslav's sister Maria.[PARAGRAPH:2]To defend his state from the Pechenegs and other nomadic tribes threatening it from the south he constructed a line of forts, composed of Yuriev, Boguslav, Kaniv, Korsun, and Pereyaslav. To celebrate his decisive victory over the Pechenegs in 1036 (who thereupon never were a threat to Kiev) he sponsored the construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1037. Other celebrated monuments of his reign, such as the Golden Gates of Kiev, have since perished.[PARAGRAPH:2]In 1043, Yaroslav staged a naval raid against Constantinople led by his son Vladimir and general Vyshata. Although the Rus' navy was defeated, Yaroslav managed to conclude the war with a favourable treaty and prestigious marriage of his son Vsevolod to the emperor's daughter.</English>
		<French>[H1]Iaroslav le Sage[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Grand-prince de Kiev[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Dates:[\BOLD] c. 978 - February 20, 1054 AD[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Biographie:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Iaroslav Vladimirovitch, dit Iaroslav le Sage est le fils de Vladimir Ier. Né en 978, il est d'abord prince de Novgorod. Aprcs la mort de son pcre en 1015, il doit d'abord lutter contre son demi-frcre Sviatopolk Ier, soutenu par la Pologne mais il devint grand-prince de Kiev en 1019, aprcs sa victoire, mettant fin r la guerre civile au sein du Rus' de Kiev.[PARAGRAPH:2]En 1036, une grande victoire des Russes élimine la sempiternelle menace des Petchencgues. En 1038, Iaroslav marche contre les Iatviagues en 1040, il fait une expédition en Lituanie et en 1041, avec des bateaux, il attaque les Mazoviens. En revanche, une expédition lancée contre l'Empire byzantin, en 1043, par son fils aîné Vladimir, tourne au désastre. En 1047, il marche de nouveau contre les Mazoviens tue leur prince Modslav et les soumet au roi Casimir Ier le Restaurateur de Pologne.[PARAGRAPH:2]L'église de la sainte Mcre de Dieu qu'avait bâtie Vladimir Ier le pcre de Iarsolav est consacrée par le métropolitain Théopompte en 1039. Grand bâtisseur et législateur, il obtient des Byzantins que Kiev devienne le sicge d'un métropolite ruthcne (de la Rus'). R sa mort le 20 février 1054, son patrimoine est partagé entre ses 6 fils survivants dont trois lui succcderont comme Grand princes de Kiev.</French>
		<German>[H1]Jaroslaw I. der Weise[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Großfürst von Kiew[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lebte:[\BOLD] ca. 979/86 - 20. Februar 1054 n. Chr.[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Hintergrund:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Jaroslaw I. Wladimirowitsch, genannt der Weise, aus dem Geschlecht der Rurikiden, Großfürst von Kiew (1019-1054). Sohn Wladimirs I., des Heiligen, und Rognedas von Polozk.[PARAGRAPH:2]Die Rurikiden gehörten den Rus an, der skandinavischstämmigen Führungsschicht, die sich seit der Mitte des 9. Jahrhunderts unter den Ostslawen niedergelassen und das Reich der Kiewer Rus gegründet hatte. Die Rurikiden waren bis zum Ende des 10. Jahrhunderts weitgehend slawisiert. Jaroslaws Vater Wladimir war 988 der erste Kiewer Großfürst, der das Christentum annahm und damit erheblich zum Aufstieg Kiews zur ostslawischen Hegemoniemacht beitrug.[NEWLINE]Nach einer Legende soll Jaroslaw um 1010 im Kampf eine mächtige Bärin bezwungen und an dieser Stelle die Stadt Jaroslawl gegründet haben.[PARAGRAPH:2]Jaroslaw hatte von seinem Vater nach dem Tod des älteren Bruders und designierten Thronfolgers Wyscheslaw die Herrschaft über die reiche Handelsstadt Nowgorod zugesprochen bekommen. 1014 weigerte Jaroslaw sich, seinem Vater den Tribut zu zahlen. Zu einem Feldzug Wladimirs gegen seinen Sohn kam es nicht mehr, weil Wladimir am 15. Juli 1015 starb.[PARAGRAPH:2]Dafür begannen sofort Nachfolgekämpfe zwischen Jaroslaw und seinen Brüdern und Onkeln. Zunächst konnte sich Jaroslaws Halbbruder Swjatopolk mit Hilfe seines Schwiegervaters, des polnischen Königs Boleslaw I. durchsetzen. Jaroslaw hielt sich aber in Nowgorod. Dort zog er ein Heer skandinavischer Krieger zusammen und schlug im Spätsommer 1016 Swjatopolk. Im Sommer 1017 griffen Jaroslaw I. und Kaiser Heinrich II. einer vorherigen Absprache folgend Boleslaw I. von zwei Seiten her an. Im darauf folgenden Sommer gelang es Boleslaw, Kiew zu erobern. Jaroslaw konnte zwar nach Nowgorod fliehen, seine weiblichen Verwandten und ein großer Goldschatz fielen jedoch in die Hände des polnischen Königs. Kurz darauf vertrieb Jaroslaw den erneut als Großfürst eingesetzten Swjatopolk wieder aus Kiew.[PARAGRAPH:2]Von 1029 bis 1031 wiederholte sich das Szenario von 1017: Wieder wurde Polen aus dem Westen, nun von Konrad II., und aus dem Osten von Jaroslaw angegriffen. Diesmal gelang es dem Großfürsten, weite Gebiete mit einem wichtigen Burgengürtel für Kiew zu erobern und kurzzeitig den ihm genehmen ältesten Sohn des 1025 verstorbenen Boleslaws und Bruder des über Polen herrschenden Mieszko II. Lambert, Bezprym, als Herrscher in Polen zu installieren. Nach der Ermordung Bezpryms im Jahre 1032 erlangte Mieszko seine Herrschaft zurück.[PARAGRAPH:2]Um 1035 herum begann Jaroslaw mit einer weitreichenden Heiratspolitik. Er selbst heiratete Ingigerd, die Tochter Olof Skötkonungs von Schweden. Seine Söhne und Töchter wurden in die Königshäuser Frankreichs (Anna), Norwegens, Ungarns, Byzanz' und an deutsche Fürsten verheiratet. Der polnische Thronanwärter Kasimir heiratete eine Schwester Jaroslaws, Maria Dobroniega, mit dessen Hilfe er sich als König von Polen durchsetzen konnte.[NEWLINE]1036 errang Jaroslaw I. den entscheidenden Sieg gegen das Reitervolk der Petschenegen. 1043 misslang ein Flottenangriff auf Konstantinopel.[NEWLINE]1019 erließ Jaroslaw I. die Russkaja Prawda, die erste russische Gesetzessammlung. Sie stellt eine Mischung byzantinischer Gesetze und slawischen Gewohnheitsrechts dar. Darüber hinaus versuchte er mit umfangreichen Nachfolgeregelungen, Erbstreitigkeiten nach seinem Tod zu verhindern, was allerdings nicht gelang. Vielmehr begründete er das Senioratsprinzip, das in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ein Grund dafür war, dass sich die russischen Fürstentümer kaum als feste Herrschaftsverbände stabilisieren konnten. Auf der Russkaja Prawda und der Schaffung des Senioratsprinzips beruht sein Beiname der Weise. Weitere Verdienste errang er durch den Stadtausbau von Kiew und Nowgorod, vor allem mit den Sophienkathedralen der beiden Städte. Sein Sarg liegt noch heute in der Sophienkathedrale von Kiew.</German>
		<Italian>.</Italian>
		<Spanish>.</Spanish>
		<Portuguese>.</Portuguese>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_IVAN_IV</Tag>
		<English>Ivan IV</English>
		<French>Ivan IV</French>
		<German>Iwan IV.</German>
		<Italian>Ivan IV</Italian>
		<Spanish>Iván IV</Spanish>
		<Portuguese>.</Portuguese>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_IVAN_IV_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Ivan "the Terrible" IV[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]First Tsar of Russia[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lived:[\BOLD] August 25, 1530 - March 18, 1584 AD[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Ivan IV was the Grand Duke of Muscovy from 1533 to 1547 and was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. His long reign saw the conquest of Kazan Khanate and Siberia and subsequent transformation of Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state. This tsar retains his place in the Russian tradition simply as Ivan Grozny, which is traditionally translated into English as Ivan the Terrible.[PARAGRAPH:2]Ivan (or Ioann, as his name is rendered in Church Slavonic) was a long-awaited son of Vasili III. Upon his father's death, he formally came to the throne at the age of three, but his minority was dominated by regents. Initially his mother Elena Glinskaya acted as regent, but she died when Ivan was only eight. She was replaced as regent by boyars from the Shuisky family until Ivan assumed power in 1544. According to his own letters, Ivan customarily felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. These traumatic experiences may have contributed to his hatred of the boyars and to his mental instability. He was known to throw cats and dogs out of the Kremlin windows, among other cruel acts.[PARAGRAPH:2]Ivan was crowned king with Monomakh's Cap at the Cathedral of the Dormition at age sixteen on January 16, 1547. Despite calamities triggered by the Great Fire of 1547, the early part of his reign was one of peaceful reforms and modernization. Ivan revised the law code (known as the sudebnik), created a standing army (the streltsy), established the first Russian parliament of the feudal estates (the Zemsky Sobor), the council of the nobles (known as the Chosen Council), and confirmed the position of the Church with the Council of the Hundred Chapters, which unified the rituals and ecclesiastical regulations of the entire country. He introduced the local self-management in rural regions, mainly in the Northeast of Russia, populated by the state peasantry. During his reign the first printing press was introduced to Russia (although the first Russian printers Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets had to flee from Moscow to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania).[PARAGRAPH:2]Ivan formed new trading connections, opening up the White Sea and the port of Arkhangelsk to the Muscovy Company of English merchants. In 1552 he defeated the Kazan Khanate, whose armies had repeatedly devastated the Northeast of Russia, and annexed its territory. In 1556, he annexed the Astrakhan Khanate and destroyed the largest slave market on the river Volga. These conquests complicated the migration of the aggressive nomadic hordes from Asia to Europe through Volga and transformed Russia into a multinational and multiconfessional state. He had St. Basil's Cathedral constructed in Moscow to commemorate the seizure of Kazan. Legend has it that he was so impressed with the structure that he had the architects blinded, so that they could never design anything as beautiful again.[PARAGRAPH:2]Other less positive aspects of this period include the introduction of the first laws restricting the mobility of the peasants, which would eventually lead to serfdom. The dramatic change in Ivan's personality is traditionally linked to his near-fatal illness in 1553 and the death of his first wife, Anastasia Romanovna in 1560. Ivan suspected boyars of poisoning his wife and of plotting to replace him on the throne with his cousin, Vladimir of Staritsa. In addition, during that illness Ivan had asked the boyars to swear an oath of allegiance to his eldest son, an infant at the time. Many boyars refused, deeming the tsar's health too hopeless to survive. This angered Ivan and added to his distrust of the boyars. There followed brutal reprisals and murders of innocent people, including Metropolitan Philip and Prince Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky.[PARAGRAPH:2]Also problematic was the 1565 formation of the Oprichnina. The Oprichnina was the section of Russia (mainly the Northeast) directly ruled by Ivan and policed by his personal servicemen, the Oprichniki. This whole system of Oprichnina has been viewed by some historians as a tool against the omnipotent hereditary nobility of Russia (boyars) who opposed the absolutist drive of the tsar, while others have interpreted it as a sign of the paranoia and mental deterioration of the tsar.[PARAGRAPH:2]The later half of Ivan's reign was far less successful. Although Khan Devlet I Giray of Crimea repeatedly devastated Moscow region and even set Moscow on fire in 1571, the tsar supported Yermak's conquest of Tatar Siberia, adopting a policy of empire-building, which led him to launch a victorious war of seaward expansion to the west, only to find himself fighting the Swedes, Lithuanians, Poles, and the Livonian Teutonic Knights.[PARAGRAPH:2]For twenty-four years the Livonian War dragged on, damaging the Russian economy and military and failing to gain any territory for Russia. In the 1560s the combination of drought and famine, Polish-Lithuanian raids, Tatar invasions, and the sea-trading blockade carried out by the Swedes, Poles and the Hanseatic League devastated Russia. The price of grain increased by a factor of ten. Epidemics of the plague killed 10,000 in Novgorod. In 1570 the plague killed 600-1000 in Moscow daily. Ivan's closest advisor, Prince Andrei Kurbsky, defected to the Lithuanians, headed the Lithuanian troops and devastated the Russian region of Velikiye Luki. This treachery deeply hurt Ivan. As the Oprichnina continued, Ivan became mentally unstable and physically disabled. In one week, he could easily pass from the most depraved orgies to prayers and fasting in a remote northern monastery.[PARAGRAPH:2]Because he gradually grew unbalanced and violent, the Oprichniks under Malyuta Skuratov soon got out of hand and became murderous thugs. They massacred nobles and peasants, and conscripted men to fight the war in Livonia. Depopulation and famine ensued. What had been by far the richest area of Russia became the poorest. In a dispute with the wealthy city of Novgorod, Ivan ordered the Oprichniks to murder inhabitants of this city, which was never to regain its former prosperity. Between thirty and forty thousand might have been killed during the infamous Massacre of Novgorod in 1570; many others were deported elsewhere. Yet the official death toll named 1,500 of Novgorod big people (nobility) and only mentioned about the same number of smaller people. Many modern researchers estimate number of victims between two and three thousand. (After the famine and epidemics of 1560s the population of Novgorod did not exceed 10,000-20,000.)[PARAGRAPH:2]In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing, causing a miscarriage. His son, also named Ivan, upon learning of this, engaged in a heated argument with his father, which resulted in Ivan striking his son in the head with his pointed staff, causing his son's (accidental) death. This event is depicted in the famous painting by Ilya Repin, Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on Friday, November 16, 1581 better known as Ivan the Terrible killing his son.[PARAGRAPH:2]Although it is thought by many that Ivan died while setting up a chess board, it is more likely that he died while playing chess with Bogdan Belsky on March 18, 1584. When Ivan's tomb was opened during renovations in the 1960s, his remains were examined and discovered to contain very high amounts of mercury, indicating a high probability that he was poisoned. Modern suspicion falls on his advisors Belsky and Boris Godunov (who became tsar in 1598). Three days earlier, Ivan had allegedly attempted to rape Irina, Godunov's sister and Feodor's wife. Her cries attracted Godunov and Belsky to the noise, whereupon Ivan let Irina go, but Belsky and Godunov considered themselves marked for death. The tradition says that they either poisoned or strangled Ivan in fear for their own lives. The mercury found in Ivan's remains may also be related to treatment for syphilis, which it is speculated that Ivan had. Upon Ivan's death, the ravaged kingdom was left to his unfit and childless son Feodor.</English>
		<French>.</French>
		<German>[H1]Iwan IV. "der Schreckliche"[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Erster Zar Russlands[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Lebte:[\BOLD] 1530 - 1584[NEWLINE][PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Hintergrund:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Der Sohn Wassilis III., geboren am 25. August 1530 in Moskau, verlor im Alter von drei Jahren seinen Vater und wurde nach blutigen Machtkämpfen zwischen Gruppen der Bojaren 1547 nach byzantinischem Zeremoniell zum Zaren gekrönt. Er stärkte die Zentralgewalt durch Reformen von Verwaltung, Rechtswesen und Armee und förderte den niederen Dienstadel auf Kosten der mächtigen Bojaren.[PARAGRAPH:2]Mit der Eroberung der Khanate Kasan 1552 und Astrachan 1556 dehnte er seinen Einfluß bis Sibirien aus. Im Westen scheiterte er jedoch bei dem Versuch, in Livland einen Zugang zur Ostsee zur erkämpfen. Der dadurch ausgelöste langandauernde Krieg mit Polen-Litauen und Schweden 1558-83 ruinierte die Wirtschaft.[PARAGRAPH:2]Mißtrauisch bis zum Verfolgungswahn, unterdrückte der Zar jede Unbotmäßigkeit mit brutalen Strafgerichten. Als Terrorinstrument hatte er sich 1565 die Truppe der Opritschnina geschaffen. In einem Wutanfall erschlug er sogar seinen eigenen Sohn.[PARAGRAPH:2]Andererseits war er hochgebildet und literarisch begabt. Bei seinem Tod am 18. März 1584 in Moskau war der Staat so zerrüttet, dass er wenig später zusammenbrach.</German>
		<Italian>.</Italian>
		<Spanish>.</Spanish>
		<Portuguese>.</Portuguese>
	</TEXT>
</Civ4GameText>
