<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!-- edited with XMLSPY v2004 rel. 2 U (http://www.xmlspy.com) by XMLSPY 2004 Professional Ed. Release 2, Installed Multi + SMP for 3 users (Firaxis Games) -->
<!-- Sid Meier's Civilization 4 -->
<!-- Copyright Firaxis Games 2005 -->
<!-- -->
<!-- Game Text - RFCE Civilizations -->
<Civ4GameText xmlns="http://www.firaxis.com">
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_IRAQ_ADJECTIVE</Tag>
		<English>Iraqi</English>
		<French>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD] : entretien lié à la distance[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD] : entretien lié au nombre de villes[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD] : dépenses des colonies[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD] : paiements des sociétés commerciales[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COÛT D'ENTRETIEN TOTAL DES VILLES : %d5[ICON_GOLD]</French>
		<German>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD]: Unterhalt für entfernte Städte[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD]: Anzahl der unterhaltspflichtigen Städte[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: Kolonialausgaben[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD]: Zahlungen für Kapitalgesellschaften[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]STADTUNTERHALTSKOSTEN GESAMT: %d5[ICON_GOLD]</German>
		<Italian>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD]: Distanza Mantenimento[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD]: Numero di città Mantenimento[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: Spese per le colonie[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD]: Pagamenti corporativi[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COSTO TOTALE MANTENIMENTO CITTÀ: %d5[ICON_GOLD]</Italian>
		<Spanish>[NEWLINE]%d1 [ICON_GOLD]: mantenimiento por lejanía[NEWLINE]%d2 [ICON_GOLD]: mantenimiento por cantidad de ciudades[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: gastos de la colonia[NEWLINE]%d4 [ICON_GOLD]: pagos a la corporación[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COSTE TOTAL MANTENIMIENTO CIUDAD: %d5 [ICON_GOLD]</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_IRAQ_DESC</Tag>
		<English>Iraq</English>
		<French>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD] : entretien lié à la distance[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD] : entretien lié au nombre de villes[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD] : dépenses des colonies[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD] : paiements des sociétés commerciales[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COÛT D'ENTRETIEN TOTAL DES VILLES : %d5[ICON_GOLD]</French>
		<German>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD]: Unterhalt für entfernte Städte[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD]: Anzahl der unterhaltspflichtigen Städte[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: Kolonialausgaben[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD]: Zahlungen für Kapitalgesellschaften[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]STADTUNTERHALTSKOSTEN GESAMT: %d5[ICON_GOLD]</German>
		<Italian>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD]: Distanza Mantenimento[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD]: Numero di città Mantenimento[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: Spese per le colonie[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD]: Pagamenti corporativi[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COSTO TOTALE MANTENIMENTO CITTÀ: %d5[ICON_GOLD]</Italian>
		<Spanish>[NEWLINE]%d1 [ICON_GOLD]: mantenimiento por lejanía[NEWLINE]%d2 [ICON_GOLD]: mantenimiento por cantidad de ciudades[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: gastos de la colonia[NEWLINE]%d4 [ICON_GOLD]: pagos a la corporación[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COSTE TOTAL MANTENIMIENTO CIUDAD: %d5 [ICON_GOLD]</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_IRAQ_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[TAB]Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert. Iraq is bordered by Jordan to the west, Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (35 miles) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad, is in the center-east of the country.  Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the centre of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.  Historically, the territory comprising Iraq was known in Europe by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers). Iraq has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is identified as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing and the wheel.  Throughout its long history, Iraq has been the center of the Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid and Abbasid empires, and part of the Achaemenid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, Ottoman and British empires.  The Kingdom of Iraq was founded in 1932.  Beginning with an invasion in 2003, Iraq came under military occupation by a multinational coalition of forces, mainly American and British  Sovereignty was transferred to the Iraqi Interim Government in June 2004. A new Constitution of Iraq was then approved by referendum and a new Government of Iraq was elected. As of March 2010, 96,000 US troops remain in the country.  There is a deadline for the full withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Iraq by 31 December 2011.</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_IRAQ_SHORT_DESC</Tag>
		<English>Iraq</English>
		<French>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD] : entretien lié à la distance[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD] : entretien lié au nombre de villes[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD] : dépenses des colonies[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD] : paiements des sociétés commerciales[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COÛT D'ENTRETIEN TOTAL DES VILLES : %d5[ICON_GOLD]</French>
		<German>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD]: Unterhalt für entfernte Städte[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD]: Anzahl der unterhaltspflichtigen Städte[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: Kolonialausgaben[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD]: Zahlungen für Kapitalgesellschaften[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]STADTUNTERHALTSKOSTEN GESAMT: %d5[ICON_GOLD]</German>
		<Italian>[NEWLINE]%d1[ICON_GOLD]: Distanza Mantenimento[NEWLINE]%d2[ICON_GOLD]: Numero di città Mantenimento[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: Spese per le colonie[NEWLINE]%d4[ICON_GOLD]: Pagamenti corporativi[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COSTO TOTALE MANTENIMENTO CITTÀ: %d5[ICON_GOLD]</Italian>
		<Spanish>[NEWLINE]%d1 [ICON_GOLD]: mantenimiento por lejanía[NEWLINE]%d2 [ICON_GOLD]: mantenimiento por cantidad de ciudades[NEWLINE]%d3[ICON_GOLD]: gastos de la colonia[NEWLINE]%d4 [ICON_GOLD]: pagos a la corporación[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]------------------------[NEWLINE]COSTE TOTAL MANTENIMIENTO CIUDAD: %d5 [ICON_GOLD]</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_MEXICO_DESC</Tag>
		<English>The Mexicans</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_MEXICO_SHORT_DESC</Tag>
		<English>Mexico</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_MEXICO_ADJECTIVE</Tag>
		<English>Mexican</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_MEXICO_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[TAB]Highly developed cultures, including those of the Olmecs, Mayas, Toltecs, and Aztecs, existed long before the Spanish conquest. Hernando Cortes conquered Mexico during the period 1519-21 and founded a Spanish colony that lasted nearly 300 years.[PARAGRAPH:2]Independence from Spain was proclaimed by Father Miguel Hidalgo on September 16, 1810. Father Hidalgo's declaration of national independence, known in Mexico as the "Grito de Dolores", launched a decade long struggle for independence from Spain. Prominent figures in Mexico's war for independence were Father Jose Maria Morelos; Gen. Augustin de Iturbide, who defeated the Spaniards and ruled as Mexican emperor from 1822-23; and Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana, who went on to dominate Mexican politics from 1833 to 1855. An 1821 treaty recognized Mexican independence from Spain and called for a constitutional monarchy. The planned monarchy failed; a republic was proclaimed in December 1822 and established in 1824.[PARAGRAPH:2]Throughout the rest of the 19th century, Mexico's government and economy were shaped by contentious debates among liberals and conservatives, republicans and monarchists, federalists and those who favored centralized government. During the two presidential terms of Benito Juarez (1858-71), Mexico experimented with modern democratic and economic reforms. President Juarez' terms of office, and Mexico's early experience with democracy, were interrupted by the Habsburg monarchy's rule of Mexico (1864-67), and was followed by the authoritarian government of Gen. Porfirio Diaz, who was president during most of the period between 1877 and 1911.[PARAGRAPH:2]Mexico's severe social and economic problems erupted in a revolution that lasted from 1910-20 and gave rise to the 1917 constitution. Prominent leaders in this period (some of whom were rivals for power) were Francisco Madero, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Alvaro Obregon, Victoriano Huerta, and Emiliano Zapata. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), formed in 1929 under a different name, emerged from the chaos of revolution as a vehicle for keeping political competition among a coalition of interests in peaceful channels. For 71 years, Mexico's national government was controlled by the PRI, which won every presidential race and most gubernatorial races until the July 2000 presidential election of Vicente Fox Quesada of the National Action Party (PAN).</English>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_MUGHALS_DESC</Tag>
		<English>The Mughals</English>
		<German>Die Moguln</German>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_MUGHALS_SHORT_DESC</Tag>
		<English>Mughals</English>
		<German>Moguln</German>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_MUGHALS_ADJECTIVE</Tag>
		<English>Mughal</English>
		<German>Mogul</German>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_QUTBUDDIN_AIBAK</Tag>
		<English>Qutb-ud-din Aibak</English>
		<French>Qutb-ud-din Aibak</French>
		<German>Qutb-ud-din Aibak</German>
		<Italian>Qutb-ud-din Aibak</Italian>
		<Spanish>Qutb-ud-din Aibak</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_LEADER_QUTBUDDIN_AIBAK_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[H1]Qutb-ud-din Aibak[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Sultan of Delhi[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Reigned:[\BOLD] 1206 - 1210[PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Qutb-ud-din Aibak (lit. "Axis of the Faith") was a Turkic king of Northwest India who ruled from his capital in Delhi where he built the Qutb Minar and the Quwwat al-Islam mosque. He was of Turkic descent from central Asia, the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Slave dynasty (also known as the Ghulam dynasty) of India. [PARAGRAPH:1]Qutbuddin was born somewhere in the area of what is today known as Afghanistan. While still a child he was captured and sold as a slave. He  received good education in many subjects, was fluent and Persian and Arabic. He also received training in archery and horsemanship. When his master died, he was sold to a slave merchant and then finally purchased by the great General Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori, then governor of Ghazni. [PARAGRAPH:1]Starting with his native Ghori, Shahabuddin Ghori proved to be a distinguished personality of the history and managed to establish control over most of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. Under his command, Qutbuddin conquered Delhi in 1193 after the victory in the Battles of Tarain. As a governor of northern India, Aibak established the first verifiable Muslim administration through collection of state taxes and distribution of land and revenues to the nobles under his charge, as well as governance based on a mixture of locally elected representation and nominated administrators. [PARAGRAPH:1]Upon Sultan Ghori's death in 1206, Qutbuddin, after a brief power struggle, succeeded in establishing himself as ruler of the kingdom in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India; Shahabuddin Muhammad's Central Asian possessions had been captured by none other than the Mongol warlord, Genghis Khan. [PARAGRAPH:1]Rather than attacking other kingdoms, Qutbuddin concentrated on the development of the existing empire. Therefore, although his formal tenure as ruler was only four years, he managed to consolidate the administrative system that was established by his predecessor and master Shahabuddin Ghori. Qutbuddin initially ruled his empire from Lahore but later moved the capital to Delhi; he is therefore considered the first Muslim ruler of South Asia. [PARAGRAPH:1]Qutbuddin ruled for only four years, from 1206 to 1210 AD. He died in an accident while playing polo in Lahore.</English>
		<French>[H1]Qutb-ud-din Aibak[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Sultan of Delhi[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Reigned:[\BOLD] 1206 - 1210[PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Qutb-ud-din Aibak (lit. "Axis of the Faith") was a Turkic king of Northwest India who ruled from his capital in Delhi where he built the Qutb Minar and the Quwwat al-Islam mosque. He was of Turkic descent from central Asia, the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Slave dynasty (also known as the Ghulam dynasty) of India. [PARAGRAPH:1]Qutbuddin was born somewhere in the area of what is today known as Afghanistan. While still a child he was captured and sold as a slave. He  received good education in many subjects, was fluent and Persian and Arabic. He also received training in archery and horsemanship. When his master died, he was sold to a slave merchant and then finally purchased by the great General Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori, then governor of Ghazni. [PARAGRAPH:1]Starting with his native Ghori, Shahabuddin Ghori proved to be a distinguished personality of the history and managed to establish control over most of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. Under his command, Qutbuddin conquered Delhi in 1193 after the victory in the Battles of Tarain. As a governor of northern India, Aibak established the first verifiable Muslim administration through collection of state taxes and distribution of land and revenues to the nobles under his charge, as well as governance based on a mixture of locally elected representation and nominated administrators. [PARAGRAPH:1]Upon Sultan Ghori's death in 1206, Qutbuddin, after a brief power struggle, succeeded in establishing himself as ruler of the kingdom in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India; Shahabuddin Muhammad's Central Asian possessions had been captured by none other than the Mongol warlord, Genghis Khan. [PARAGRAPH:1]Rather than attacking other kingdoms, Qutbuddin concentrated on the development of the existing empire. Therefore, although his formal tenure as ruler was only four years, he managed to consolidate the administrative system that was established by his predecessor and master Shahabuddin Ghori. Qutbuddin initially ruled his empire from Lahore but later moved the capital to Delhi; he is therefore considered the first Muslim ruler of South Asia. [PARAGRAPH:1]Qutbuddin ruled for only four years, from 1206 to 1210 AD. He died in an accident while playing polo in Lahore.</French>
		<German>[H1]Qutb-ud-din Aibak[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Sultan of Delhi[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Reigned:[\BOLD] 1206 - 1210[PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Qutb-ud-din Aibak (lit. "Axis of the Faith") was a Turkic king of Northwest India who ruled from his capital in Delhi where he built the Qutb Minar and the Quwwat al-Islam mosque. He was of Turkic descent from central Asia, the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Slave dynasty (also known as the Ghulam dynasty) of India. [PARAGRAPH:1]Qutbuddin was born somewhere in the area of what is today known as Afghanistan. While still a child he was captured and sold as a slave. He  received good education in many subjects, was fluent and Persian and Arabic. He also received training in archery and horsemanship. When his master died, he was sold to a slave merchant and then finally purchased by the great General Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori, then governor of Ghazni. [PARAGRAPH:1]Starting with his native Ghori, Shahabuddin Ghori proved to be a distinguished personality of the history and managed to establish control over most of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. Under his command, Qutbuddin conquered Delhi in 1193 after the victory in the Battles of Tarain. As a governor of northern India, Aibak established the first verifiable Muslim administration through collection of state taxes and distribution of land and revenues to the nobles under his charge, as well as governance based on a mixture of locally elected representation and nominated administrators. [PARAGRAPH:1]Upon Sultan Ghori's death in 1206, Qutbuddin, after a brief power struggle, succeeded in establishing himself as ruler of the kingdom in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India; Shahabuddin Muhammad's Central Asian possessions had been captured by none other than the Mongol warlord, Genghis Khan. [PARAGRAPH:1]Rather than attacking other kingdoms, Qutbuddin concentrated on the development of the existing empire. Therefore, although his formal tenure as ruler was only four years, he managed to consolidate the administrative system that was established by his predecessor and master Shahabuddin Ghori. Qutbuddin initially ruled his empire from Lahore but later moved the capital to Delhi; he is therefore considered the first Muslim ruler of South Asia. [PARAGRAPH:1]Qutbuddin ruled for only four years, from 1206 to 1210 AD. He died in an accident while playing polo in Lahore.</German>
		<Italian>[H1]Qutb-ud-din Aibak[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Sultan of Delhi[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Reigned:[\BOLD] 1206 - 1210[PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Qutb-ud-din Aibak (lit. "Axis of the Faith") was a Turkic king of Northwest India who ruled from his capital in Delhi where he built the Qutb Minar and the Quwwat al-Islam mosque. He was of Turkic descent from central Asia, the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Slave dynasty (also known as the Ghulam dynasty) of India. [PARAGRAPH:1]Qutbuddin was born somewhere in the area of what is today known as Afghanistan. While still a child he was captured and sold as a slave. He  received good education in many subjects, was fluent and Persian and Arabic. He also received training in archery and horsemanship. When his master died, he was sold to a slave merchant and then finally purchased by the great General Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori, then governor of Ghazni. [PARAGRAPH:1]Starting with his native Ghori, Shahabuddin Ghori proved to be a distinguished personality of the history and managed to establish control over most of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. Under his command, Qutbuddin conquered Delhi in 1193 after the victory in the Battles of Tarain. As a governor of northern India, Aibak established the first verifiable Muslim administration through collection of state taxes and distribution of land and revenues to the nobles under his charge, as well as governance based on a mixture of locally elected representation and nominated administrators. [PARAGRAPH:1]Upon Sultan Ghori's death in 1206, Qutbuddin, after a brief power struggle, succeeded in establishing himself as ruler of the kingdom in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India; Shahabuddin Muhammad's Central Asian possessions had been captured by none other than the Mongol warlord, Genghis Khan. [PARAGRAPH:1]Rather than attacking other kingdoms, Qutbuddin concentrated on the development of the existing empire. Therefore, although his formal tenure as ruler was only four years, he managed to consolidate the administrative system that was established by his predecessor and master Shahabuddin Ghori. Qutbuddin initially ruled his empire from Lahore but later moved the capital to Delhi; he is therefore considered the first Muslim ruler of South Asia. [PARAGRAPH:1]Qutbuddin ruled for only four years, from 1206 to 1210 AD. He died in an accident while playing polo in Lahore.</Italian>
		<Spanish>[H1]Qutb-ud-din Aibak[\H1][NEWLINE][BOLD]Sultan of Delhi[\BOLD][NEWLINE][BOLD]Reigned:[\BOLD] 1206 - 1210[PARAGRAPH:2][BOLD]Background:[\BOLD][NEWLINE][TAB]Qutb-ud-din Aibak (lit. "Axis of the Faith") was a Turkic king of Northwest India who ruled from his capital in Delhi where he built the Qutb Minar and the Quwwat al-Islam mosque. He was of Turkic descent from central Asia, the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Slave dynasty (also known as the Ghulam dynasty) of India. [PARAGRAPH:1]Qutbuddin was born somewhere in the area of what is today known as Afghanistan. While still a child he was captured and sold as a slave. He  received good education in many subjects, was fluent and Persian and Arabic. He also received training in archery and horsemanship. When his master died, he was sold to a slave merchant and then finally purchased by the great General Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori, then governor of Ghazni. [PARAGRAPH:1]Starting with his native Ghori, Shahabuddin Ghori proved to be a distinguished personality of the history and managed to establish control over most of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. Under his command, Qutbuddin conquered Delhi in 1193 after the victory in the Battles of Tarain. As a governor of northern India, Aibak established the first verifiable Muslim administration through collection of state taxes and distribution of land and revenues to the nobles under his charge, as well as governance based on a mixture of locally elected representation and nominated administrators. [PARAGRAPH:1]Upon Sultan Ghori's death in 1206, Qutbuddin, after a brief power struggle, succeeded in establishing himself as ruler of the kingdom in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India; Shahabuddin Muhammad's Central Asian possessions had been captured by none other than the Mongol warlord, Genghis Khan. [PARAGRAPH:1]Rather than attacking other kingdoms, Qutbuddin concentrated on the development of the existing empire. Therefore, although his formal tenure as ruler was only four years, he managed to consolidate the administrative system that was established by his predecessor and master Shahabuddin Ghori. Qutbuddin initially ruled his empire from Lahore but later moved the capital to Delhi; he is therefore considered the first Muslim ruler of South Asia. [PARAGRAPH:1]Qutbuddin ruled for only four years, from 1206 to 1210 AD. He died in an accident while playing polo in Lahore.</Spanish>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_KIEV_DESC</Tag>
		<English>The Kievans</English>
		<French>
			<Text>Les Kievs</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>1</Plural>
		</French>
		<German>
			<Text>Kiewer:Die Kiewer:den Kiewern</Text>
			<Gender>Male:Male:Male</Gender>
			<Plural>1:1:1</Plural>
		</German>
		<Italian>
			<Text>I Kieviti</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>1</Plural>
		</Italian>
		<Spanish>
			<Text>Los Kieveños</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>1</Plural>
		</Spanish>
		<Portuguese>
			<Text>Os Kievanos</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>1</Plural>
		</Portuguese>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_KIEV_SHORT_DESC</Tag>
		<English>Kievan Rus</English>
		<French>
			<Text>Kiev</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>1</Plural>
		</French>
		<German>
			<Text>Kiewer Rus</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</German>
		<Italian>
			<Text>Kiev</Text>
			<Gender>Female</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</Italian>
		<Spanish>
			<Text>Rus' de Kiev</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</Spanish>
		<Portuguese>
			<Text>Kiev</Text>
			<Gender>Female</Gender>
			<Plural>0</Plural>
		</Portuguese>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_KIEV_ADJECTIVE</Tag>
		<English>
			<Text>Kievan:Kievans</Text>
			<Gender>Male</Gender>
			<Plural>0:1</Plural>
		</English>
		<French>
			<Text>kiev:kiev:kievs:kievs</Text>
			<Gender>Male:Female:Male:Female</Gender>
			<Plural>0:0:1:1</Plural>
		</French>
		<German>
			<Text>Kiewisch:kiewer:kiewer</Text>
			<Gender>Neuter:Neuter:Neuter</Gender>
			<Plural>0:0:0</Plural>
		</German>
		<Italian>
			<Text>kievita:kievita:kieviti:kievite</Text>
			<Gender>Male:Female:Male:Female</Gender>
			<Plural>0:0:1:1</Plural>
		</Italian>
		<Spanish>
			<Text>kieveño:kieveña:kieveños:kieveñas</Text>
			<Gender>Male:Female:Male:Female</Gender>
			<Plural>0:0:1:1</Plural>
		</Spanish>
		<Portuguese>
			<Text>kievano:kievana:kievanos:kievanas</Text>
			<Gender>Male:Female:Male:Female</Gender>
			<Plural>0:0:1:1</Plural>
		</Portuguese>
	</TEXT>
	<TEXT>
		<Tag>TXT_KEY_CIV_KIEV_PEDIA</Tag>
		<English>[TAB]The Rus people probably dominated what is now northwestern Russia since the eighth century. In the early ninth they became loosely organized under the Rus Khaganate, which may be regarded as a predecessor state to the Kievan Rus. According to the Primary Chronicle, the earliest chronicle of Kievan Rus, a Varangian named Rurik first established himself in Novgorod in about 860 before moving south and extending his authority to Kiev.[PARAGRAPH:2]These Varangians settled in Ladoga, then moved southward to Novgorod eventually reaching Kiev, putting an end to the Khazars' collecting tribute from Kievans. The Kievan Rus was founded by prince Oleg about 880. During the next thirty-five years, Oleg and his warriors subdued the various Eastern Slavic and Finnic tribes. In 907, Oleg led an attack against Constantinople, and in 911 he signed a commercial treaty with the Byzantine Empire as an equal partner. The new Kievan state prospered because it had an abundant supply of furs, beeswax, and honey for export and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe: the Volga trade route from the Baltic Sea to the Orient, the Dnieper trade route from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, and the trade route from the Khazars to the Germans.[PARAGRAPH:2]By the reign of Svyatoslav (945-972) Kievan rulers had adopted Slavic religion and names, but their druzhina still consisted primarily of Scandinavians. Svyatoslav's military conquests were astonishing: he dealt lethal blows to two of his strongest neighbours, Khazaria and the Bulgarian Empire, which collapsed soon after his raids.[PARAGRAPH:2]The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus for the next two centuries. The grand prince of Kiev controlled the lands around the city, and his theoretically subordinate relatives ruled in other cities and paid him tribute. The zenith of the state's power came during the reigns of Prince Vladimir the Great (980-1015) and Prince Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054). Both rulers continued the steady expansion of Kievan Rus that had begun under Oleg.[PARAGRAPH:2]Vladimir rose to power in Kiev after the death of his father Sviatoslav I in 972 and after defeating his half-brother Yaropolk in 980. As Prince of Kiev, Vladimir's most notable achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus, a process that began in 988.[PARAGRAPH:2]Kievan Rus was not able to maintain its position as a powerful and prosperous state, in part because of the amalgamation of disparate lands under the control of a ruling clan. As the members of that clan became more numerous, they identified themselves with regional interests rather than with the larger patrimony. Thus, the princes fought among themselves, frequently forming alliances with outside groups such as the Polovtsians, Poles, and Hungarians. During the years from 1054 to 1224 no fewer than 64 principalities had a more or less ephemeral existence, 293 princes put forward succession claims, and their disputes led to 83 civil wars.[PARAGRAPH:2]The Crusades brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus. In 1204 the forces of the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople, making the Dnieper trade route marginal. As it declined, Kievan Rus splintered into many principalities and several large regional centers. The three most powerful of them were the Halych-Volhynia (eventually conquered by Poland and Lithuania), Novgorod Republic (later incorporated into Muscovy) and Vladimir-Suzdal, which gradually evolved into the Grand Duchy of Moscow.</English>
		<French>.</French>
		<German>[TAB]Das Volk der Rus beherrschten seit dem achten Jahrhundert wahrscheinlich das, was jetzt das nordwestliche Russland ist. Im frühen neunten Jahrhundert wurden sie lose organisiert unter dem Khanat der Rus, der als ein Vorgänger-Staat der Kiewer Rus betrachtet werden kann. Gemäß der Primären Chronik, der frühsten Chronik der Kiewer Rus, setzte sich ungefähr 860 zuerst ein Waräger mit dem Namen Rurik in Novgorod, bevor er seine Autorität südlich nach Kiew ausweitete.[PARAGRAPH:2]Diese Waräger siedelten in Ladoga, zogen dann südwärts nach Novgorod und erreichten schließlich Kiew, den Chasaren, die von den Kiewern Tribut forderten, ein Ende setzend. Die Kiewer Rus wurde von Prinz Oleg ungefähr 880 gegründet. Während der nächsten fünfunddreißig Jahre unterwarfen Oleg und seine Krieger die zahlreichen östlichen finnischen und slawischen Stämme. 907 führte Oleg einen Angriff gegen Konstantinopel, und 911 unterzeichnete er als ein gleichwertiger Partner einen kommerziellen Vertrag mit dem Byzantinischen Reich. Der neue Kiewer Staat gedieh, weil er einen reichen Bestand an Pelzen, Bienenwachs und Honig für den Export hatte, und weil er drei Haupthandelswege Osteuropas kontrollierte: Der Wolga Handelsweg von der Ostsee zum Orient, den Dnjeper-Handelsweg von der Ostsee zum Schwarzen Meer, und den Handelsweg von den Chasaren zu den Deutschen.[PARAGRAPH:2]Bis zur Herrschaft Swjatoslaws (945-972) hatten die Kiewer Führer die slawische Religion und slawische Namen angenommen, aber ihre Druschina (persönliches Heergefolge eines russischen Fürsten) bestand noch in erster Linie aus Skandinaviern. Die Eroberungen Swjatoslaws waren erstaunlich: Er fügte zwei seiner stärksten Nachbarn (das chasarische und das bulgarische Reich, das bald nach seinen Überfällen zusammenbrach) tödliche Schläge zu.[PARAGRAPH:2]Das Gebiet Kiews beherrschte den Staat der Kiewer Rus für die nächsten zwei Jahrhunderte. Der Großfürst Kiews kontrollierte die Länder um die Stadt, und seine theoretisch untergeordneten Verwandten herrschten in anderen Städten und zahlten ihm Tribut.Der Zenit der Macht des Staates kam während der Herrschaft von Fürst Wladimir dem Großen (980-1015) und Fürst Yaroslav des Weisen (1019-1054). Beide Herrscher setzten die stetige Expansion der Kiewer Rus fort, die unter Oleg begonnen hatte.[PARAGRAPH:2]Wladimir kam in Kiew an die Macht nach dem Tod seines Vaters Swjatoslaw I. 972 und nachdem er seinen Halbbruders Yaropolk 980 besiegte. Als Fürst Kiews war die bemerkenswerteste Errungenschaft Wladimirs die Christianisierung der Kiewer Rus, was 988 begann.[PARAGRAPH:2]Die Kiewer Rus war nicht im Stande, seine Position als ein starker und wohlhabender Staat aufrecht zu erhalten, zum Teil aufgrund des Zusammenschlusses von ganz verschiedenen Ländern unter der Kontrolle eines herrschenden Klans. Als die Mitglieder dieses Klans zahlreicher wurden, identifizierten diese sich eher mit Regionalinteressen als mit dem größeren Erbgut.[PARAGRAPH:2]So bekämpften die Fürsten sich gegenseitig, oftmals Bündnisse mit äußeren Gruppen wie die Kyptschaken, die Polen, und die Ungarn eingehend. Von 1054 bis 1224 hatten nicht weniger als 64 Fürstentümer eine mehr oder weniger kurzlebige Existenz, 293 Fürsten brachten Erbansprüche vor und ihre Konflikte führten zu 83 Bürgerkriegen.[PARAGRAPH:2]Die Kreuzzüge führten zu einer Verschiebung der europäischen Handelswege, die den Niedergang der Kiewer Rus beschleunigten. 1204 nahmen die Kräfte des Vierten Kreuzzugs Konstantinopel ein und machten den Dnjeper-Handel marginal. Als der Handel abnahm, zersplitterte die Kiewer Rus in viele Fürstentümer und mehrere große Regionalzentren. Die drei stärksten waren unter ihnen Halytsch-Wolhynien (schließlich erobert von Polen und Litauen), die Republik Novgorod (später eingegliedert in das Großfürstentum Moskau) und das Fürstentum Wladimir-Susdal, das sich allmählich zum Großfürstentum Moskau entwickelte.</German>
		<Italian>.</Italian>
		<Spanish>[TAB]El Rus' de Kiev o el estado Ruso antiguo fue un estado medieval monárquico surgido en Europa oriental, a finales del siglo IX, de la dinastía Rúrika, considerado el más antiguo estado eslavo oriental, dirigido desde la ciudad de Kiev, desde aproximadamente 880 hasta mediados del siglo XII. Los reinados de Vladímir el Grande (980-1015) y su hijo Yaroslav I el Sabio (1019-1054) supusieron la edad de oro de Kiev, que vio la aceptación del cristianismo ortodoxo y la creación del primer código o cuerpo legal escrito en lengua eslava, el Rúskaya Pravda. El Rus' de Kiev fue el mayor Estado europeo de la Edad Media y comprendía parte de la actual Ucrania, Rusia, el oeste de Bielorrusia, Polonia, Lituania, Letonia y Estonia Oriental. La región de Kiev dominó el principado completo durante los siguientes dos siglos. El gran príncipe (velikiy kniaz') de Kiev controlaba las tierras circundantes a la ciudad, y sus familiares teóricamente subordinados a él gobernaban en otras ciudades y les pagaban tributo. El apogeo de su poder llegó durante el reinado del príncipe Vladímir (Vladímir el Grande, r. 980-1015) y príncipe Yaroslav (el Sabio; r. 1019-1054). Ambos mandatarios continuaron la expansión del principado que había comenzado bajo Oleg. Vladímir llegó al poder en Kiev tras la muerte de su padre Sviatoslav I en 972, al derrotar a su hermanastro Yaropolk en 980. Como príncipe de Kiev, el mayor logro de Vladímir fue la cristianización del principado, proceso que emprendió en 988. Los anales indican que cuando Vladímir decidió aceptar la nueva fe en lugar del paganismo idólatra eslavo, mandó a algunos de sus consejeros y guerreros más cercanos a distintos países de Europa. Tras visitar los católicos, judíos y musulmanes, acabaron en Constantinopla. Allí quedaron tan asombrados por la grandeza de la catedral Hagia Sofía y los servicios litúrgicos que en ese momento decidieron la fe oficial que adoptaría el Estado kievano. Tras el regreso, convencieron a Vladímir que la fe de los griegos era la mejor opción; Vladímir emprendió un viaje a Constantinopla, donde casaría con la princesa Ana, hermana del emperador bizantino Basilio II. La opción por el culto oriental también reflejó posiblemente los vínculos estrechos con el Imperio, que dominaba el mar Negro y por ende la ruta comercial más importante para Kiev: el río Dniéper. La adhesión a la Iglesia Ortodoxa Oriental tuvo importantes consecuencias políticas, culturales y religiosas a largo plazo. La iglesia tenía una liturgia escrita en cirílico y una colección de escrituras traducidas del griego para los pueblos eslavos. La existencia de esta literatura facilitó la conversión al cristianismo de los eslavos orientales y les inició en una rudimentaria filosofía griega, a la ciencia y la historiografía sin la necesidad de aprender griego antiguo, a diferencia de la población culta de la Europa Occidental y Central, que continuaba manejando el latín. La independencia de la autoridad romana y la falta de obligación de aprender latín hicieron que los eslavos orientales desarrollaran su propia literatura y bellas artes, sustancialmente distintas de las encontradas en otros países ortodoxos. Yaroslav, conocido como El Sabio, pugnó igualmente con sus hermanos por el poder. Aunque logró imponerse en Kiev en el año 1019, no fue reconocido como líder en todo el principado hasta el 1036. Como Vladímir, Yaroslav el sabio se preocupó por entablar relaciones amistosas con el resto de Europa. Yaroslav casó a tres de sus hijas con príncipes extranjeros, exiliados, que vivieron en su palacio: Isabel (Elizaveta) con Harald III de Noruega (que obtuvo su mano por sus hazañas militares en el Imperio bizantino); Anastasia (Agmunda) con el futuro Andrés I de Hungría, y su hija menor, Ana de Kiev, se casó con Enrique I de Francia, que rigió en este país durante la minoría de edad de su hijo. Otra hija puede haber sido la Ágata que se casó con Eduardo el Exiliado, heredero del trono de Inglaterra, y que fue madre de Edgar Atheling y Santa Margarita. Su hija mayor Dobroniega o Dobroñeva (o según otros fuentes su hermana) contrajo matrimonio con Casimiro I el Restaurador, rey de Polonia. La nieta de Yaroslav, Eupraxia (Adelaida), hija de su hijo Vsevolod I, se casó con Enrique IV del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico. Yaroslav también pactó matrimonios para su hermana y sus tres hijas con los reyes de Polonia, Francia, Hungría y Noruega. Mandó construir el primer gran edificio del principado, la Iglesia Desyatínnaya de Kiev, así como la catedral de Santa Sofía de Kiev y la Catedral de Santa Sofía de Nóvgorod. Patrocinó el clero autóctono y el monaquismo, además de atribuírsele la fundación de un sistema educativo. Los hijos de Yaroslav levantaron el gran Monasterio de las Cuevas de Kiev, que funcionó como academia eclesiástica.</Spanish>
		<Portuguese>.</Portuguese>
	</TEXT>
</Civ4GameText>
